{"props": {"people": [{"id": 276, "activity": {"id": 1, "name": "Aircraft"}, "century": {"id": 1, "name": "XX"}, "photo": "/media/about/people/photo.jpg", "name": "Igor Sikorsky", "short_bio": "Aircraft designer, scientist, inventor, philosopher", "bio": "

\n Igor Sikorsky \u2014 a Ukrainian Founder of Aircraft Designing\n

\n Igor Sikorsky was lucky to realize the children's dream and become one of the Ukrainian brightest personalities \u2013 a desperate pilot of his own airplanes. Sikorsky cherished his dream since childhood. The boy loved to listen to the mom's stories about the universe and the mystery of the stars. His role model was Leonardo da Vinci who dreamt about creating an \u201ciron bird\u201d.\n

\n Prophetic Dream\n

\n One day, after reading the novel by Jules Verne, the boy dreamed that he was on board a flying ship in a luxurious salon with the panoramic view of a sea and a palm island. In thirty years his dream came true. He saw that on board of his own plane. Being a student, he tried to track all the new items that appeared in the technical fields, after school Igor spent time constructing something in his father\u2019s garage.\n

\n The First Development\n

\n In 1908, Sikorsky began working on developing of his first helicopter. The works were carried out in the courtyard of the parental estate. But, unfortunately, the first helicopter could not escape into the air. However, his tests revealed many features that should be taken into account when designing such devices.\n

\n The thing was not in the mistakes of the developer but in the absence of the engine of the required weight and power. The young designer understood that and began developing his first airplane. Finally, he succeeded.\n

\n Own Studio\n

\n Sikorsky found support in his friends and founded his own studio where the successful models P-3, P-4, P-5, and C-6 were constructed. In 1909 Sikorsky presented the airplanes of his own design that caused enthusiasm in Kiev on a sporting holiday on the Pechersk hippodrome.\n

\n Thanks to Sikorsky, Ukraine is \u201cproud of\u201d light fighter jets, sea scouts, light scout fighters, two-engine bombers, i.e. a complete fleet of all types of military aircraft.\n

\n Success in USA\n

\n In 1919 Sikorsky migrated to USA and founded the \u201cSikorsky Aero Engineering Corporation\u201d. That period was quite complicated in his career. To prevent the corporation bankruptcy, its vice-president Sergii Rahmaninov (a famous Russian composer) presented Sikorsky a 5-hundred USD bank cheque. In 1929 the corporation financial status improved, Sikorsky returned money including cum interest back to Rahmaninov.\n

\n By 1939 Sikorsky constructed about 15 types of airplanes including S-51, S-55, S-56, S-61, S-64, and S-65. In 1939 the first testing airplane Vought-Sikorsky 300, constructed in USA, escaped the land. His airplanes crossed the Atlantic (S-61; 1967) and the Pacific (S-65; 1970) oceans with aerial refueling. That was a real revolution in aircraft sphere.\n

\n The pearl of his collection is the S-58 model that is the last Sikorsky\u2019s airplane, before his retirement. By its characteristics, it surpassed all first-generation propellers. His numerous modifications were exploited for both military and civilian purposes in almost fifty countries. Several countries have bought licenses for their production. Many of these machines are used to this day.\n

", "year_of_birth": "1889", "year_of_death": "1972"}, {"id": 277, "activity": {"id": 2, "name": "Spacecraft"}, "century": {"id": 1, "name": "XX"}, "photo": "/media/about/people/photo_dDzAcze.jpg", "name": "Yuriy Kondratyuk", "short_bio": "Pioneer of astronautics and spaceflight\n", "bio": "

\n Yuriy Kondratyuk: Secrets of Space\n

\n Yuriy Kondratyuk is a scientist of global renown, an innovator, and pioneer in cosmonautics. He was the author of many productive ideas, hypotheses, and discoveries, which were ahead of its time. In fact, Yuriy Kondratyuk turned out to be not only a great dreamer but also an outstanding theorist who managed to substantiate the possibility and even necessity of space flights at the beginning of the 20th century. All the Kondratyuk\u2019s proposals were subsequently implemented in practice.\n

\n Energy for Freedom\n

\n Generally, we can allocate two directions that were of great interest to Yuriy Kondratyuk \u00a0- wind power and cosmonautics. It is worth to admit that Yuriy Kondratyuk contributed to both these spheres significantly and his achievements are of great importance even nowadays. Yuriy Kondratyuk took into consideration using wind energy in 1932. At that time, he was a former political prisoner and served time in jail in Siberia. It was there that Yuri Kondratyuk found out about the terms of the tender announced by the Commissariat of Heavy Industry to design the largest wind power plant in the USSR. Kondratyuk drafted drawings, sketches, made the necessary calculations and sent his project to experts. His idea impressed everyone so he was set a liberty and proposed to implement the idea.\n

\n Space Power\n

\n The second but probably the most significant was his interest in space. The talented Ukrainian managed to deduce the basic equation of motion of the space rocket, gave a description, and placed a four-stage rocket scheme operating on oxygen-hydrogen fuel. Among his theoretical proposals were using a compact landing module to landing a person on the surface of other planets; using the gravitational field of celestial bodies for additional acceleration or deceleration of the spacecraft; using solar energy to power the onboard systems of spacecraft and satellites and many others.\n

\n The Ukrainian scientist was primarily an enthusiast of his work. He never headed any major institutions, worked as a usual employee but at the same time, he made a huge contribution to development modern cosmonautics as well as wind energy that are very essential for every scientists.\n

", "year_of_birth": "1897", "year_of_death": "1943"}, {"id": 278, "activity": {"id": 3, "name": "Railway engineering"}, "century": {"id": 1, "name": "XX"}, "photo": "/media/about/people/photo_4LrWyPX.jpg", "name": "Yurii Lomonosov", "short_bio": "Constructor of the First Locomotive in Ukraine", "bio": "

\n Yurii Lomonosov \u2014 the Constructor of the First Locomotive in Ukraine, 1876-1952\n

\n After graduation from Transport Institute, Yurii found his first job position at Kharkiv locomotive factory. In summer 1898, together with his colleagues, Lomonosov started his works on construction and testing of locomotives that, actually, became the key thing of his life.\n

\n The First Schemes and Fiasco\n

\n In 1922, Lomonosov successfully developed the first scheme of a diesel locomotive. A few years later, Yurii finished the construction process of the locomotive on Tashkent railway.\n

\n But the security certificate No. 43715 and all the privileges dated May 15, 1910, were presented not to Lomonosov, but to the process engineer Lypets. However, this project was never implemented.\n

\n So, the first thing he did was that he sent a detailed report to Lenin and published the article in the magazine \u201cEconomic life\u201d where he suggested to start up the immediate works on the construction of twenty locomotives. Yurii gave the idea to apply the crewless scheme of 1-5-1 implemented on traditional steam locomotives, ignore the second cabin, and partially place a refrigerating chamber with a fan shaft in front of the locomotive brigade's cabin.\n

\n However, in 1924 the Labor and Defense council made the decision to develop the projects of the locomotive according to the project introduced by Yakiv Hakkel. They were to use exclusively the materials from Russian factories. Yurii didn\u2019t give up.\n

\n Grandiose Start of Eel2 Production\n

\n Finally, he managed to start the production process of his first locomotive in half a year after the refusal from the council. This took place at the German factory Esslingen (near Stuttgart). The official presentation of his locomotive (the result of his fruitful work and persistence) occurred in 1924.\n

\n That year, Lomonosov\u2019s locomotive called Eel2 made the first run on the rails laid in the yard of the factory. This event was a real sensation, prominent European technical science figures were invited to the test event.\n

\n They assured that a locomotive with a diesel engine is capable of operating as an integral part of a train. At the same time, during the testing it appeared that the cooling device of the diesel locomotive was incorrectly designed, thus, didn\u2019t ensure the normal operation of the diesel. So, they had to produce a trailer-refrigerator and the locomotive was sent with that technology to Russia.\n

\n Exciting Contest of Two Locomotives\n

\n In February 1925, there took place the comparative trips of both locomotives (Lomonosov\u2019s option as well as Hakkel\u2019s one). The train driven by the locomotive of Lomonosov went on the route as of Moscow-Povarov while Hakkel\u2019s train went from Povarov to Moscow.\n

\n The winner was identified immediately. Eel2 was easier to drive and \u201cfriendlier\u201d impacted the path due to its lower weight and other design features.\n

\n Hakkel\u2019s diesel locomotive, after a series of reparation works on defects, was taken to the inventory rolling stock in 1925. In 1927, after a run of 70 thousand km, it wasn\u2019t in production anymore.\n

\n To the contrary, Lomonosov\u2019s diesel locomotive Eel2 went on our roads for more than 30 years. It was considered obsolete for future manufacture in 1954 when it was replaced by more advanced models.\n

\n Unfortunately, they didn\u2019t preserve at least one model of Yurii\u2019s locomotive for future generations. The last sample of Eel2 was remelted in 1957.\n

\n But it was Eel2 that served as the prototype to the next generation of diesel locomotives; its design was a role model of diesel locomotives in the USA, Germany and other countries.\n

", "year_of_birth": "1876", "year_of_death": "1952"}, {"id": 280, "activity": {"id": 2, "name": "Spacecraft"}, "century": {"id": 1, "name": "XX"}, "photo": "/media/about/people/photo_yy3KDdl.jpg", "name": "Volodymyr Serheev", "short_bio": "Spacecraft and astraunatical engineer, scientist, Doctor of Engineering Science, member of the Academy of Sciences", "bio": "

\n Volodymyr Serheev and his \u201cCosmic\u201d Contribution to Ukrainian Rocket Building Sphere, 1914-2009\n

\n With the engineer Volodymyr Serheev there are connected the basic inventions and the most significant development stages of the spacecraft sphere of the Soviet period. There were found out the solutions and the brilliant theoretic investigations were implemented.\n

\n Wonderful R-16 Rocket with Solid Characteristics\n

\n In 1947 Volodymyr entered the engineering faculty of the Institute at the Ministry of Communications Industry where he occupied such posts as the junior researcher, senior engineer, and the coordinator of the group, head of the laboratory, deputy head of the department, and the head of the scientific laboratory.\n

\n In 1960 due to the terrible accident that took place during the rocket R-16 testing where the major coordinator B. Konopliov died, Volodymyr Serheev was immediately appointed at the position. Volodymyr managed to organize his work according to the principles of strictness and accuracy. In half a year, the rocket R-16 with the substantially modified control system equipment was removed to the launch position. Its successful flight testing was conducted.\n

\n The Soviet Union critically required an intercontinental missile with an autonomous control system, suitable for long-standing in military duty, with a firing range of up to 12,000 kilometers, reliably hidden in the launch shaft. The mission of the creation of such a rocket series was delegated to Volodymyr Serheev.\n

\n Since that time the key sphere of the career of Serheev was the development of more advanced systems of managing the intercontinental ballistic rockets. This type of rocket complexes made up the basis of the strategic nuclear forces.\n

\n The created control systems provided the required characteristics in terms of shooting accuracy (missiles of the latest modifications ensured that they hit a target that is the size of a modern stadium at the ultimate range); military readiness of the complex at a time frame required; autonomous and remote verification of the status of the rocket systems and its launch; high operational reliability, ease of maintenance, protection from accidental and unauthorized starts; remote and automatic flight task introduction and re-targeting.\n

\n For many years, Serheev\u2019s team coordinated the project as of development of the military rocket complexes with absolutely new, innovational features capable of maintaining the overcome of the missile defense.\n

\n R-12 Rocket for National Economy Needs\n

\n Being quite an intelligent person, Serheev allowed directing the work of his team to the possibility of using military missiles for the needs of the national economy.\n

\n For the above-mentioned purpose, there were developed the control systems of carrier rockets of artificial Earth satellites. On the basis of the rocket R-12, there was created the carrier, with the help of which about eight hundred artificial satellites of the Earth of various scientific and national economic purposes, the\u201d Cosmos\u201d and \u201cIntercosmos\u201d series, were launched into space.\n

\n At the beginning of the 70s, the fundamental work was underway to create a control system for the transport supply ship and the return vehicle of the \u201cAlmaz\u201d multi-purpose space system.\n

\n Reasons to Appreciate Volodymyr\u2019s Creations\n

\n It was for the first time in the history of Soviet Ukraine that onboard computing complex was implemented in the control system that gave the opportunity for the ship to carry out in automatic mode the entire conceivable range of control modes, including approach and docking with the cooperative object.\n

\n Automatic docking of the transport supply ship with the \u201cSaliut-6\u201d and \u201cSaliut-7\u201d space stations, performed after multi-day flights according to a previously introduced plan with a number of coordinated operations and inter-orbital transitions without the intervention of control center operators, was a complete triumph of ideas born in the laboratory of Serheev.\n

\n Later, the experience of transport supply ships was widely used to create a whole series of spacecraft of various purposes including a transport module ship, the \u201cKristal\u201d module, \u201cKvant,\u201d \u201cSpectr\u201d that became an integral part of the \u201cMir\u201d station, and the International Space Station \u201cZaria\u201d.\n

", "year_of_birth": "1914", "year_of_death": "2009"}, {"id": 281, "activity": {"id": 5, "name": "Optical engineering"}, "century": {"id": 1, "name": "XX"}, "photo": "/media/about/people/photo_glwxatT.jpg", "name": "Volodymyr Lynnyk", "short_bio": "The founder of modern optical technologies", "bio": "

\n Volodymyr Lynnyk: the Ukrainian Founder of Modern Optical Technologies\n

\n The name of Volodymyr Lynnyk, a talented specialist in the sphere of applied physical and astronomical optics, is well-known not only in Ukraine but in other highly developed countries.\n

\n Top Optical Investigations\n

\n For a long period of time Lynnyk intensively worked on the local optical equipment. Due to his successful management, there were developed such optical equipment as a double microscope, microinterferometer, and mechanical profilograph. These devices are of significant importance for modern science as their key functions include performing automatic monitoring over the surface cleanliness in metal processing, the shape accuracy of mechanical components.\n

\n This equipment \u201csees\u201d the things that can\u2019t be noticed by people with the perfect eyesight. The real Lynnyk\u2019s achievement is that a few of these devices were officially presented at the World Expo 1958 and won Grand Prix.\n

\n Interferometer Construction\n

\n Concerning his incredible scientific heritage, the specific accent is placed on Lynnyk\u2019s article dedicated to astronomy. Volodymyr showed high interest since his studying at the university, though he started his astronomical activity in the 40s of the 20\n th\n century.\n

\n In 1946 Lynnyk created the unique interference passage tool. He constructed the interferometer for measuring angular distances between two stars. Additionally, Lynnyk successfully initiated the development of modern adaptive optics with the target to increase the resolution of large telescopes.\n

\n Lynnyk\u2019s ideas found the implementation in the sphere of the cosmic optics. Volodymyr controlled the development of lightweight and complex large mirrors, planning to send them to space. In St. Petersburg, Lynnyk founded a small observatory equipped with various tools where he developed a series of innovational methods to investigate the stellar spectrogram.\n

\n Astronomy played an extremely important role in his scientific activity. In 1911, Lynnyk-student joined Kyiv astronomy circle. Moreover, Lynnyk started working at the laboratory of Kyiv polytechnic institute unofficially. This period, Lynnyk was thinking about the idea to produce optical glass. His great achievements in this sphere raised the interest of the military department of Ukraine. The First World War started and caused a strong requirement for optical equipment. Current devices were out of order while there were no new ones to be produced.\n

\n So, they caught up with great enthusiasm for Volodymyr\u2019s brave intention. Having no appropriate outfit and consultations of the production team, Lynnyk organized the processes of reproduction and reparation of lenses entirely on the basis of a series of personal scientific investigations. His manufactory produced a few periscopes for the military fleet. That was real proof of his really genial intellect and phenomenal skills.\n

\n Sight Pipe\n

\n In Bila Tserkva district (Ukraine), Lynnyk worked on the development of the sight pipe and its optical methodology. The theory of optical equipment led Volodymyr to the need to check the exact form of optical surfaces to get the possibility to achieve the measurement limits. To make that come true, Lynnyk developed the method to investigate the parabolic mirrors and astronomic lenses.\n

\n In 1926, the optical industry in Ukraine started to make progress. In European countries, there already existed a highly developed optical industry. So, Ukraine had just to follow that. However, Lynnyk deeply investigated the experience of foreign enterprises that resulted in his personal methodology to test optical equipment, new methods of setting.\n

\n All above-mentioned has brought Lynnyk the universal acknowledgment. Such brilliant results in the field of applied optical technology, Lynnyk achieved due to his lateral thinking and the imagination of the researcher-innovator.\n

", "year_of_birth": "1907", "year_of_death": "1976"}, {"id": 282, "activity": {"id": 1, "name": "Aircraft"}, "century": {"id": 1, "name": "XX"}, "photo": "/media/about/people/photo_ywcmvYH.jpg", "name": "Volodymyr Chelomey", "short_bio": "A designer of rocket and space technology and a scientist in the field of mechanics and control processes", "bio": "

\n Volodymyr Chelomey: The Fruits of Aviation\n

\n Volodymyr Chelomey was a designer of rocket and space technology and a scientist in the field of mechanics and control processes. Aviation became the main interest of the great scientist who largely contributed to its development. Many modern specialists use the designs of Volodymyr Chelomey and nowadays it would be very hard to prosper without the works of the talented scientist.\n

\n The Beginning of the Long Way\n

\n Volodymyr Chelomey was born in the city of Siedlce to a family of teachers. After graduating from the automotive technical school, Chelomey entered the aviation department of the Kyiv Polytechnic Institute in 1932. At the same time, he engaged in self-education, studied mechanics and the theory of vibrations.\n

\n Chelomey was not only a designer but also a very talented scientist, his designs were always progressive. Only during the studies Chelomey published more than 20 scientific articles and wrote an important textbook \"Vector Calculus.\" During educational practice, Chelomey studied the causes of aircraft engine failures. In 1940, he became one of 50 students awarded a Stalin scholarship to work on a doctoral thesis, in which he studied the dynamic stability of elastic systems and the results of which are still used.\n

\n Fateful Moments\n

\n Since 1941, Chelomey worked on jet engines. By the beginning of 1945, under his leadership, a prototype of modern cruise missiles was created. However, the project was unsuccessful. To the development of this technology, Chelomey returned in 1954. In Moscow Region, a special group set about developing the second-generation cruise missiles. For the first time in world practice, Chelomey proposed to make a rocket with folding wings and in addition placed it in a protective container. This development allowed the Soviet Union to overtake the United States in the armament of submarines.\n

\n In 1956, Chelomey began developing the first remote-controlled anti-ship cruise missile P-6, which flew at a height of about 100 m above the water. That made it invisible to radars. In 1959, the Cheleomey\u2019s OKB-52 began the development of the Amethyst rocket, which became the first submarine-launched missile in the world. It was followed by other developments of the scientist \u2212 \"Malachite\", \"Basalt\", \"Granit\", \"Yakhont\", which are still in service.\n

\n As the OKB-52 developed new cruise missiles, Chelomey increased its production capacity. However, he pursued two goals. Firstly, he sought the ways not to depend on subcontractors. Secondly, he feared that the order for anti-ship cruise missiles could be taken away from him, and therefore, he planned to master the production of intercontinental ballistic missiles as well.\n

\n Volodymyr Chelomey is the only designer who has managed to create his own space system. From the long-term orbital station of the Almaz project, developed at the Chelomey\u2019s enterprise, firing from the onboard guns of the spacecraft were held the first in the world. Booster \"Proton\" constructed by Chelomey is still used. The brilliant designer, twice Hero of Socialist Labor Volodymyr Chelomey died on December 8, 1984.\n

", "year_of_birth": "1914", "year_of_death": "1984"}, {"id": 284, "activity": {"id": 6, "name": "Computer science"}, "century": {"id": 1, "name": "XX"}, "photo": "/media/about/people/photo_qrzSXra.jpg", "name": "Viktor Hlushkov", "short_bio": "Pioneer of computer technologies, scientist, member of the Academy of Sciences, mathematician", "bio": "

\n Viktor Hlushkov and his Wonderful Contribution to Cybernetics\n

\n In 1949 Viktor Hlushkov entered the research degree at the University of Sverdlovsk (extension department). In 1950 he prepared the dissertation on \u201cTheory of torsion-free locally nilpotent groups with a break condition for some chains of a subgroup\u201d. He brilliantly defended the dissertation. He was immediately appointed as the docent.\n

\n Solving the Fifth Problem of Hilbert\n

\n In 1955 Hlushkov was the first person in the world who finally managed to solve the generalized fifth problem of Hilbert and, as a result, defend the doctoral dissertation on that theme in Moscow University.\n

\n By the way, the fifth problem of Hilbert was mentioned in the list of top-23 most difficult problems in mathematics. That\u2019s a universally acknowledged fact that the solving of every existing problem of Hilbert became a real sensation in the world science.\n

\n So, it\u2019s natural that due to the solution of the fifth problem of Hilbert, Viktor was included to the list of the leading algebraists on the international level.\n

\n Devotion to Computer Technology and Cybernetics\n

\n However, the absolutely new sphere attracted the attention of Hlushkov. The problems of creating computer technology conquered his imagination. That thing fundamentally influenced the subsequent creative path of Viktor. Finally, he pointed out his personal key direction of scientific activity for the future.\n

\n In 1956 Hlushkov radically changed the sphere of his career connecting his life to cybernetics, applied mathematics, and computer technology.\n

\n During that period, being the head of the Institute of Cybernetics, Viktor with his scientific team started working on recognizing the meaning of phrases in Russian, i.e. in the field of semantic networks. Hlushkov developed algorithms for that thing on his own. According to the flow of sentences, this algorithm built the semantic network and determined which kind of words corresponded to each other.\n

\n In 1961, Hlushkov presented the exciting report on the above-mentioned topic in Munich, at the IFIP (International Federation of Information on Processing) congress that immediately became the world sensation. It\u2019s worth saying that the Americans who enjoyed the reputation of the most progressive nation had nothing like that at the time.\n

\n Significant Computing Machine \u201cKyiv\u201d\n

\n The electronic computing machine \u201cKyiv\u201d where all those ideas were implemented became the first European system of the digital image processing and modeling of intellectual processes.\n

\n Two specific peripheral devices were connected to it that gave the opportunity to simulate the simplest algorithms of learning pattern recognition and purposeful behavior on a computer: a device for entering an image from a paper carrier together with a machine for displaying images from the electronic computing machine.\n

\n During that period, the devices for displaying images from electronic computing machines (prototypes of modern displays) were available exclusively in the USA.\n

\n Using \u201cKyiv\u201d machine Hlushkov\u2019s team carried out a series of works on artificial intelligence: training on the recognition of the geometric shapes, tracking the movement of objects by a series of images, and modeling the reading tools for handwritten and typewritten characters.\n

\n Achievements as a Publisher\n

\n In 1961 Hlushkov published his famous monograph \u201cThe Synthesis of Digital Automata\u201d. It was later translated into English and published in the USA and other countries.\n

\n That work created the basis for investigations on the theory of automata involving algebraic methods. Its contribution is difficult to underestimate as the use of the concept of \u201cautomaton\u201d as a mathematical abstraction of the structure and processes occurring inside computers have opened up completely new possibilities in computer technology.\n

\n Modern computer design systems use those solutions everywhere.\n

", "year_of_birth": "1923", "year_of_death": "1982"}, {"id": 286, "activity": {"id": 8, "name": "Economy"}, "century": {"id": 1, "name": "XX"}, "photo": "/media/about/people/photo_wndoTWL.jpg", "name": "Bohdan Havrylyshyn", "short_bio": "Economist, thinker, benefactor and advisor to the governments and large companies worldwide", "bio": "

\n Bohdan Havrylyshyn as the Most Influential Ukrainian in the World\n

\n Bohdan Havrylyshyn can be uncompromisingly titled as the Ukrainian who changed the course of history in many countries in the world. Being quite an unordinary personality, Havrylyshyn devoted his own life to making people\u2019s lives better and countries prosperous. But let\u2019s start from the top.\n

\n The Great Start\n

\n After the Second World War, at the age of 20, he got to the refugee camp and that place gave the start of his rich life and career experience. Havrylyshyn was lucky to get the position of the head of the supply unit. At his disposal, there were forty people and a car with a driver. At this time, Bogdan realized that much can be achieved if he set the goal.\n

\n After emigrating to Canada, Bohdan worked as a logger. But soon he decided to enter the university but for this purpose, it was necessary to learn English. He found a dictionary from which he studied 40 words a day. The introduction of Havrylyshyn became a real sensation in the press as an immigrant after the war was able to pass entrance exams for the highest grades.\n

\n In 1960 he lived in Switzerland. In 1976 he received a Ph.D. D. Economics at the University of Geneva. Havrylyshyn had a passport in Canada and was a resident of Switzerland, but always cultivated his Ukrainian origin.\n

\n Davos Success\n

\n He was the co-founder of the World Economic Forum in Davos. Leading the International Management Institute, he launched the European Management Forum, which later turned into a worldwide platform for communication between the world leaders.\n

\n In 1995, the United Kingdom assigned to Ukraine the ownership of Antarctic station \u201cFaraday\u201d. The Ukrainian side acquired this station for symbolic 1 pound sterling. But there was no money for the departure of the first expedition to Antarctica. It would be a fiasco if our scientists did not go to Havrylyshyn, who headed the International Renaissance Foundation. Having heard about this problem, he helped the first Ukrainian Antarctic group by allocating funds for the expedition.\n

\n During his life, Bogdan visited more than 90 countries. In Australia, he was one of the mediators of consensus between the government, business and trade unions, which preceded significant economic growth.\n

\n Australia and Argentina Missions\n

\n In the early 1980s, Argentina was in a \"dictatorship\u201d with a limitation of political rights of people. The aim of Havrylyshyn\u2019s lectures was to describe the effective control systems and how they can be achieved. Surprisingly, a few months after his visit, the military junta announced the holding of early elections. That was a real success.\n

\n \u201cFate was very generous to me. I began to travel a lot with different goals in different countries. In each country, I have done something useful.\" Assumed Havrylyshyn in one of his interviews and that is an undeniable truth.\n

", "year_of_birth": "1926", "year_of_death": "2016"}, {"id": 293, "activity": {"id": 2, "name": "Spacecraft"}, "century": {"id": 1, "name": "XX"}, "photo": "/media/about/people/photo_wzLbtei.jpg", "name": "Sergii Koroliov", "short_bio": "Rocket engineer, spacecraft designer", "bio": "

\n Serhii Koroliov \u2013 the Ukrainian Space Genius\n

\n The achievements of Serhii Koroliov in the space industry are compared with Einstein's merits in physics. His name was kept in secret, therefore, in all the materials, Koroliov was identified as the General Designer, while writing the position with a capital letter.\n

\n At the age of 17, Koroliov designed his first glider. To conduct that, he read numerous books, a few manuals he mastered in German. Koroliov\u2019s dream was to build interplanetary ships that would fly through space and bring people to other planets.\n

\n Koroliov worked as a carpenter, a newspaper courier, and a roof setter. \u201cI will build much ... but only the planes,\" Koroliov commented. His cherished dream was destined to come true.\n

\n Launching an Artificial Satellite\n

\n In 1954, Koroliov presented and was ready to draft the first intercontinental ballistic missile. The General Designer has completely captured the idea of flying into space. This revolutionary idea found a complete support in the Academy of Sciences.\n

\n As a result, the launch of the first satellite of Earth on October 4, 1957, became a real world sensation. And at the end of the year, the second artificial satellite, six times heavier than the first, was already ready for flight. Two dogs (Belka and Strelka) were on board and successfully returned to Earth. Koroliov was the first who placed animals on board. Koroliov was close to his goal to organize a man\u2019s flight to space ever.\n

\n Cosmic Flight of a Person\n

\n Since 1957, intensive work was carried out on the creation of a three-stage missile \"Vostok\", capable of developing a second space velocity \u2013 11 kilometers per second, needed to reach the Moon, or to bring the Earth's orbit to more than four and a half tons. The only problem was the ability to return a rocket after the flight to Earth. Debates, discussions and hard work on this problem lasted more than a year.\n

\n By early 1960, a special commission formed the first unit of the astronauts that included more than a dozen of pilots of the highest class. A special training center for cosmonauts was created, poetically called \"Star City\". For the first time in history, there was an experiment in which everything was completely unknown: the effect of weightlessness on a person, starting overload and the return of a man to the Earth.\n

\n Throughout the spring of 1961, the Baikonur Cosmodrome conducted an intensive preparation for the first human flight into space. The selected candidate was Yuri Gagarin. There was approved the flight date \u2013 April 12. Koroliov fully managed the whole process from the flight control station.\n

\n The first man's flight into space lasted 108 minutes. The most respected test in the life of Koroliov was successful. The designer's almost 30-year journey to his dream ended triumphantly. By the way, Americans were able to repeat the flight of man into space only a year after the flight of Gagarin. Serhii Koroliov brought to reality the impossible.\n

", "year_of_birth": "1906", "year_of_death": "1966"}, {"id": 294, "activity": {"id": 13, "name": "Electrical engineering"}, "century": {"id": 2, "name": "XXI"}, "photo": "/media/about/people/photo_0w8uQ2L.jpg", "name": "Steve Wozniak", "short_bio": "Inventor, electronic engineer, programmer, technology enterpreneur", "bio": "

\n Steve Wozniak as the Ukrainian Co-Creator of Apple Brand\n

\n Nowadays everybody knows that the famous company was created not only by Steve Jobs. The second co-founder was Steve Wozniak. There was no Apple without a Ukrainian. Steve Jobs started his starry career, not himself, but with a Ukrainian \u2013 Steve Wozniak.\n

\n A Talented Immigrant\n

\n Steven's parents immigrated to the USA from Ukrainian Bukovina after the Second World War. Stephen does not deny his Ukrainian origin but is really proud of that. Steve's parents, especially his father, made a huge impact on the further choices of his son's life. Steve repeatedly mentioned in numerous interviews that he could \u201ctake part\u201d in the working process of his father-engineer playing with details and enchantingly watching the \u201cmagic\u201d of engineering activities.\n

\n The First Prize\n

\n Already in the 8th grade, Steve became the winner of the first prize at the city-level competition organized by BBC. He received his first award for a sophisticated calculator, whose creation he used the theory of binary numbers in. That was a key success that \u201copened all doors\u201d to his wonderful career opportunities.\n

\n The \u201cFateful\u201d Meeting\n

\n Wozniak\n met Jobs at a time when he worked for Hewlett Packard being a student. When studying in the college, Steven Wozniak actually settled in the student room of Steve Jobs. The enthusiasts of electronics constantly mastered some kind of incomprehensible device, which later became known as the Blue Box.\n

\n The first \u201cmasterpiece\u201d of Wozniak and Jobs allowed them to break phone lines and make free calls between cities, states, and even countries. Wozniak even created an illegal service of jokes by phone.\n

\n That time Wozniak began constructing the first personal computer in history. The work was gradually transferred to the Jobs' garage, where Apple I, and later Apple II, were born. That period may be titled as the starting point of the computer era. That was in 1982.\n

\n Wozniak usually commented that he did not like the computers that were released by the company then. They consisted simply of flashing light bulbs, they had nothing \"personal\". But he wanted the computer to be something different from the others. That is why he came up with a monitor and a keyboard. That was a real sensation that made zniak well-known worldwide.\n

\n The Start of Apple Brand\n

\n The Ukrainian did not plan to create his own company, because he then worked at Hewlett-Packard. But to bring to reality all his ideas, he had no way out except to create his own company. And he managed that.\n

\n The Apple Company was created twice. The first time it failed due to some financial issues, the second time it was created as it exists today. Wozniak always wanted to become a \u201ccomputer hero\u201d of the whole world. He had an idea to change the world and enter history. When Apple appeared, he actually achieved the goal of his whole life.\n

", "year_of_birth": "1950", "year_of_death": null}, {"id": 305, "activity": {"id": 6, "name": "Computer science"}, "century": {"id": 1, "name": "XX"}, "photo": "/media/about/people/photo_29qWWo7.jpg", "name": "Lubomyr Romankiv", "short_bio": "Computer science engineer, the developer of the first magnetic heads for recording information for IBM, the founder of the first hard drive for IBM", "bio": "

\n Lubomyr Romankiv - the \u201cFather\u201d of the First Hard Driver in History\n

\n IT Engineering 1931\n

\n The contribution of Lubomyr Romankiv into the sphere of IT technologies is hard to exaggerate. The inventions of Romankiv have become truly revolutionary for the computer industry.\n

\n A Ukrainian boy from Zhovkva village (Lviv region, Ukraine) moved to Canada with his family at the age of thirteen. From that time he did his best to succeed in computer technologies sphere and finally, he managed to realize all his plans.\n

\n The World\u2019s First Magnetic Head\n

\n In 1962, Lubomyr Romankiv developed the world's first magnetic heads for recording information for IBM (the corporation where he worked that time). By that time, such heads already existed, but they were too big, i.e. the size of the beans. But the Ukrainian Romankiv together with a small group of his American colleagues was able to reduce the size of the device to the thickness of the hair.\n

\n It was a real sensation as this greatly reduced the cost of storing digital data and led to the emergence of hard drives. They were created at the IBM laboratory in San Jose, California, and this development allowed IBM to earn millions of dollars. That is why Lubomyr is highly appreciated by the company and a very respectful person. Romankiv has studied a whole generation of electrical engineer chemists for IBM.\n

\n No Apple without Romankiv\n

\n Lubomyr is another compatriot (except Steven Wozniak) without whom the existence of the most successful corporation in the world history would be impossible. The first hard drivers created by Lubomyr were bought by Steve Wozniak (another Ukrainian co-creator of Apple brand). The technology was acquired by Apple and soon Steve Jobs introduced his first desktop computer. Who knows, maybe without Romankiv, people would never enjoy Apple devices?\n

\n Numerous Contributions to the Computer World\n

\n \"When you turn on the computer, seven of my patents start to work. Press the \u201cstart\u201d button on the keyboard and you will see a picture on the screen. That means my hard driver head already works \", - explains his contribution to the evolution of the computer world Lubomyr Romankiv. A Ukrainian who 44 years ago invented a way to record information on a magnetic head and founded the hard driver is still a leading IBM specialist, and he also teaches his students.\n

\n Despite his permanent residence in the United States, Lubomyr Romankiv speaks Ukrainian well and visits Ukraine almost every year.\n

\n The Latest Developments\n

\n In one of his interviews, Romankiv comments that nowadays he is working on solar panels and the indicators of the current change, which reaches the chip. His interests are much wider than magnetic recording. It was just his key that opened the door to numerous opportunities.\n

\n Lubomyr has 67 patents and 150 published inventions, and his portrait hangs in the National Hall of Fame, along with portraits of other inventors, including Steve Jobs. By the way, the person without whom we would not have computers at the moment has no personal PC at home. He says he would have spent all his free time that way.\n

", "year_of_birth": "1931", "year_of_death": null}, {"id": 306, "activity": {"id": 12, "name": "Bridge engineering and welding"}, "century": {"id": 3, "name": "XIX"}, "photo": "/media/about/people/photo_vZGmcsN.jpg", "name": "Mykola Benardos", "short_bio": "Electrical engineer, the founder of electric arc welding", "bio": "

\n Mykola Benardos: Electric Arc Welding\n

\n Mykola Benardos is a famous engineer and inventor whose discoveries largely contributed to the science at all. He developed a method of arc welding as well as a number of devices that allowed to bring it to a new level. The researcher managed to design a battery with lead plates, worked a lot on the improvement of agricultural implements, and also designed his own steamer. But this one is only a short description of researcher\u2019s life. Let's start considering more facts.\n

\n The First Stage of Life\n

\n Mykola's family had rich military traditions \u2014 most men chose this sphere to work in. Mykola spent his childhood in the house of his parents, but his military inclination was not seen by anybody. Instead, the boy was seriously interested in various crafts, especially he was fascinated by blacksmithing and plumbing. Young Mykolay spent days in the workshops, observing the work of artisans.\n

\n In 1862, Benardos entered the Kiev University Medical Faculty. During student years Mykolay created his first invention, which was the silver dental filling. Over time, he realized that medicine was not his path and after 4 years left the walls of the university, preferring the Moscow Forest and Agricultural Academy.\n

\n Achievements\n

\n In 1878, Benardos met with the engineer Buchsenmeister, who discovered a battery and launched an electric arc lamp factory near Kineshma. The established friendship contributed to the formation of a new direction of the inventor\u2019s interests. Together with a colleague, several experiments were organized related to attempts to find a practical use of electricity. In 1880, Benardos settled in the electrical engineering department of the association \"Apple-inventor and Co.\" After that, the inventor plunged into the spread of electric lighting throughout the country, while continuing to pursue inventions. At this time, he created a candlestick for the Yablochkov lamp, equipped with an automatic switch, as well as devices for braiding wires and insulating the cable.\n

\n At first, Benardos developed batteries for electric lighting and later switched to creating the equipment necessary for electric welding. The feature of his invention was hidden in the plates which were made of a lead frame. Therefore, wavy and straight bands of lead were alternately soldered in these plates.\n

\n Work on batteries led to a new invention associated with the connection and separation of metals using electric current.\n

\n The process of welding by the Benardos\u2019s method was quite comprehensible. In the course of work, the welded metal product was located on the plate. An electric current is supplied to it. In this case, the holder is connected to the welding generator with a bus hose. An electric arc with a temperature of about 6 thousand degrees arises between the electrode and the metal surface, which melts the base metal together with the filler wire. Subsequently, the molten material hardens and forms a strong weld. Benardos also proposed several ways to produce welded joints \u2014 butt, rivets, overlap. The new technology could also be used for overlaying and drilling holes.\n

\n In addition to inventing, Benardos was a very active person. He was repeatedly elected to Zemsky assemblies, where he actively defended the interests of ordinary people. Particularly, Mykolay Benardos proposed to strengthen the measures of sanitary control in the countryside and initiated a petition to introduce compulsory education.\n

\n Thanks to such a talented researcher, we have many useful technologies without which we cannot imagine our life.\n

", "year_of_birth": "1842", "year_of_death": "1905"}, {"id": 289, "activity": {"id": 10, "name": "Mechanical engineering"}, "century": {"id": 3, "name": "XIX"}, "photo": "/media/about/people/photo_fOxC3ej.jpg", "name": "Kyrpychev Viktor", "short_bio": "Scientist-mechanic, professor", "bio": "

\n Kyrpychev Viktor: The Power of Mechanics\n

\n Kyrpychev Viktor was a famous scientist-mechanic who contributed to developing mechanic science significantly. Apart from being a talented professor, he succeeded in public work as well. The indicators of that are Scientific School of Mechanics of KPI and Kiev Polytechnic Institute founded by Viktor Kyrpychev.\n

\n Scientific School of Mechanics of KPI was launched due to the necessity of reorganization of an educational system that has been noticed by Viktor Kyrpychev. He came up with a thought that theoretical knowledge of the engineer must be harmoniously combined with practical skills and abilities. For this purpose, systematic teaching of experimental methods of research of materials and machines was proposed. Such an idea has led to significant results: Scientific School of Mechanics of KPI has started to encompass more and more faculties and conduct new researches, which indicated the positive tendency of developing mechanic science in general.\n

\n Viktor Kyrpychev was focused on several directions of scholarly endeavor including research on resistance of materials, construction, technical mechanics, the durability of machines and structures. He developed methods for calculating various statically uncertain structures. His work on building mechanics did outdo all European scientific and technical researches, and the originality and expressiveness of the presentation showed him as a very talented researcher who could express thoughts in the most extraordinary way.\n

\n By the way, Kyrpychev\u2019s notability in the literature was based on the \"Course of Resistance of Materials\" published in 1878. And even nowadays, the speech \u201cThe Importance of Fantasy for Engineers\u201d published in \u201cIzvestia of the St. Petersburg Technological Institute\u201d is of great interest for every researcher. The key concepts of this speech were based on the fantasy, which is the main driver of all inventions. \u201cDreamers are called to be inventors; they have a fantasy developed to a high degree, and in this respect, they have a resemblance to great scientists\u201d \u2013 such a thought was expressed by Viktor Kyrpychev, who believed that fantasy is the main trigger of great discoveries.\n

\n Another issue of Kyrpychev\u2019s academic career was the idea of using the reciprocity theorem, together with the notion of generalized forces, adapted to construct lines of influence in various problems regarding simple and indistinguishable beams and arches. The researcher conducted experimental studies on the stress state in structural elements using the polarization-optical method. He pointed out the prospect of optical methods in the study of elastic deformations and the manufacture of machine parts.\n

\n Moreover, Victor Kyrpychev conducted a study on the exhaustion of metals based on their crystalline structure. And as Sir Isaac Newton, Victor Kyrpychev discovered the law of similarity in mechanics. So, we guess he has the right to bear a title \u201cSir\u201d as well.\n

\n It is worth noting that his purposeful energetic scientific-organizational and public activities contributed to the development of domestic\n mechanic\n al engineering at the beginning of the XX century. According to his beliefs, mechanic engineering is the basis of any highly developed country, so Victor\u2019s\n tryings\n to succeed in this sphere have led the whole country to economic development as well as scientific one.\n

\n Taking into consideration the modern scientific and technological progress of the countries of Europe and North America, Victor Kyrpychev was an indicator of the significant development of engineering as the whole.\n

", "year_of_birth": "1845", "year_of_death": "1913"}, {"id": 297, "activity": {"id": 15, "name": "Biology"}, "century": {"id": 3, "name": "XIX"}, "photo": "/media/about/people/photo_DzPygAi.jpg", "name": "Illya Mechnikov", "short_bio": "Biologist, founder of embryology, immunology, and microbiology", "bio": "

\n Illya Mechnikov \u2212 Keeper of Immune System\n

\n 1845 - 1961, Immunology\n

\n Illya Mechnikov is considered to be the founder of evolutionary embryology, immunology, and microbiology. But only a few know how much he did to our planet: Mechnikov\u2019s contributions and achievements refer to various spheres including immunology, psychology as well as venereology.\n

\n The Father of Immunology\n

\n The young scientist made a discovery that completely turned not only his mind about \u200b\u200bimmunity but also became the source of a new science \u2212 immunology. He found out that sea stars have the same special cells as in the human bloodstream. Their function is to protect the body from foreign agents. Such a statement was made while Illya Mechnikov had been working at the university in Italy.\n

\n Then Illya and his students founded an immunological station, where vaccinations against rabies were conducted. A few years later, Illya moved to the French Pasteur Institute, where he was already interested in problems of longevity.\n

\n It is worth to admit that Illya Mechnikov thought that a human was able to live longer than 100 years. That\u2019s why he started to conduct various experiments that could prove his theory. However, we couldn\u2019t stifle a fact that Illya Mechnikov tried to commit suicide two times. The first trying was connected to the death of his first wife \u2013 she died because of tuberculosis. Then Illya took poison and started to imagine his own death. But suddenly nature reaction gained the upper hand and poison could not reach vitals. That was a moment when Illya Mechnikov startded thinking about possibilities of immune system.\n

\n The second trying was referred to his second wife who got typhoid fever. Mechnikov injected himself with this disease. But again immune system got better and he continued his research. As you can see, those fatal decision led Illya Mechnikov to great discoveries.\n

\n Noble Prize\n

\n In 1887 Illya moved to Paris and started to manage a new laboratory at the Pasteur Institute. He was constantly busy with questions of improving and expanding the work of the Pasteur Institute. The scientist pointed out the importance of phagocytes in inflammation and only comparative-biological method allowed Mechnikov to understand the causes of inflammation.\n

\n Studies on inflammation served as the basis on which Mechnikov created his famous cellular theory of immunity. The results of research on immunity that had been writing for more than 20 years, Mechnikov presented in a report in 1900 at the 13th International Medical Congress in Paris. The scientist cited convincing data on the correspondence between the intensity of the phagocytic reaction and the degree of immunity of the organism to infection.\n

\n Illya Mechnikov together with Paul Ehrlich were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine \"for works on immunity\" in 1908. He is considered to be the first Ukrainian who received such award.\n

\n Nowadays, it is hard to imagine our world without Mechnikov\u2019s contributions and achievements. Thanks to such a talented person, we are able to enjoy a long life with a possibility to fight any kind of disease (if necessary, of course).\n

", "year_of_birth": "1845", "year_of_death": "1916"}, {"id": 298, "activity": {"id": 11, "name": "Medicine"}, "century": {"id": 3, "name": "XIX"}, "photo": "/media/about/people/photo_usk9pba.jpg", "name": "Mykola Pyrohov", "short_bio": "Medical doctor and scientist", "bio": "

\n Mykola Pyrohov \u2013 the Ukrainian Founder of Plastic Bandage\n

\n 1810 \u2013 1881\n

\n Medicine\n

\n In his childhood, Mykola\u2019s favorite game was the \u201cdoctor and the patients\u201d. The parents did not realize that their restless and inquisitive child would devote his life to the treatment of people and become the world-known doctor.\n

\n Mykola Pyrohov grew up the real wunderkind. At the age of 14 he entered the medical faculty of Moscow University, and at the age of 17 he was elected as the candidate for preparation for a professorship!\n

\n It was Pyrohov who for the first time in the world used the ethereal anesthesia in the military-field conditions and became the \"father\" of the plaster bandage during fractures and the founder of military surgery, and carried out tens of thousands of operations on his own.\n

\n There appeared legends about the young, talented doctor.\n

\n Realizing that the daily clothes of a doctor may become a source of dangerous microbes, Mykola demanded the surgeons to conduct operations in white bathrobes, sprinkled in boiling water. Having heard such news, the colleagues sent the surgeon to the nuthouse. However, Mykola was released in three days without revealing violations in the psyche.\n

\n Pyrohov mastered the lightning-fast style of conducting operations, when complex cuts were held in seconds. Moreover, the accuracy was 100-percent, patients were rarely dying. To the \"miraculous doctor\" there came the patients from everywhere. After the operation, Mykola always hid his hands in his pocket, so that people would not have thought to pay him.\n

\n Pyrohov was against the war, but much of his life he was in field hospitals, near the center of the military \"meat grinder\". Hundreds of soldiers and officers became cripples after the fractures, because the doctors did not know how to properly fix bone fragments.\n

\n Pyrohov tried to \u201ccollect\u201d bones with starch bandages. Starched bandages were a good alternative, but they had many disadvantages. The problem seemed insoluble, until Pyrohov got into the workshop of a famous sculptor. The doctor saw the plaster forms that sculptors use at an intermediate stage. During the Crimean War, operating the wounded, Pyrohov for the first time in the history of medicine applied a plaster bandage. That way the plaster got in the hospitals and is popular nowadays.\n

\n One day Mykola was asked to consult a teacher at the Simferopol Gymnasium. The teacher was young but did not look healthy. He was suggested to have tuberculosis but Pyrohov put a completely different diagnosis, i.e. the cardiac failure. Subsequently, the former patient became a chemist, and fourteen years after having consultation of Pyrohov, he gave humanity a periodic system of chemical elements. That teacher was Dmitry Mendeleev. God knows, if there were not Pyrohov, the world would never have another outstanding personality Mendeleev.\n

\n Pyrohov proposed a number of operations included in the golden fund of surgery. His proposed operation, the \"bone-plastic elongation of the bones of the leg in case of foot amputation\" is widely used today.\n

", "year_of_birth": "1810", "year_of_death": "1881"}, {"id": 299, "activity": {"id": 1, "name": "Aircraft"}, "century": {"id": 1, "name": "XX"}, "photo": "/media/about/people/photo_r440r5C.jpg", "name": "Arhyp Liulka", "short_bio": "Engineer, constructor of jet engines", "bio": "

\n Arhyp Liulka as the Jet Engine Pioneer\n

\n Aircraft Constructing, 1908 \u2013 1984\n

\n Nobody would know whether Arhyp would be interested in the exact, if the fate had not been brought to the small Ukrainian village Savarka, the prominent academician of the Kiev Polytechnic Institute Mikhail Kravchuk. He didn\u2019t not only capture the boy into mathematics, but also insisted on him to join the Kiev Polytechnic Institute.\n

\n After graduating from the institute, Arhyp becomes a graduate student at the Kharkov Research Institute of Industrial Energy. In 1938, the Scientific Council of the Kharkiv Aviation Institute rejected the project of the young scientist titled as the \u201cRocket turbojet engine\u201d. With the confidence in their development, Arhyp leaves Kharkov and goes to Moscow to achieve his goal on the project.\n

\n On the thirteenth day of expectations, Liulka was unable to stand up to the claims to accept him, but finally the Commissar appointed the meeting. Having heard Liulka, the Commissar asked: \u201cWhat speed can be obtained with your jet engine?\u201d \u201c900 kilometers per hour, and in the long run even more ...\" \u2013 was the answer of Liulka.\n

\n Arhyp Liulka was the first in the Soviet Union to initiate the creation of the turbojet engines. With a group of like-minded people during a non-working time, he developed a turbojet engine (TJE) project and achieved the deployment of his work on the creation of such an engine. In 1941 Liulka was the first in the world who has proposed a scheme of the two-circuit turbojet engine, which is the predecessor of the main scheme of the modern TJE.\n

\n The creators of fighters and bombers were looking forward to this elaboration. From the power of Liulka\u2019s engines depended on how successful the model of their aircraft would be.\n

\n In 1947, the first Soviet jets, equipped with TJEs, developed by Liulka appeared. The USSR became the third country in the world (after England and Germany), which on its own created the turbojet engines. Under Liulka\u2019s leadership, there were developed dozens of TJE types; they were marked with letters by A. L. in 1949. Airplanes with the engines of A. L. established more than 50 world records.\n

\n At the end of his life, Liulka will present his main \u201cmasterpiece\u201d, i.e. the super-powerful AL-31F engine, which drove the Su-27 fighter to the height of 15,000 meters in 76 seconds and provided the speed of 2.5 thousand kilometers per hour.\n

\n Though Liulka lived in Russia for a decade, he managed to save the sincere Ukrainian soul, love for his native land and his native language. When he came to his homeland, he spoke Ukrainian and wrote the letters in Ukrainian. Even the walls of his Moscow apartment were adorned by the portrait of Taras Shevchenko.\n

", "year_of_birth": "1908", "year_of_death": "1984"}, {"id": 291, "activity": {"id": 11, "name": "Medicine"}, "century": {"id": 1, "name": "XX"}, "photo": "/media/about/people/photo_D6P0tiU.jpg", "name": "Mykola Amosov", "short_bio": "Medical scientist, cardiologist", "bio": "

\n Mykola Amosov: Save Hearts and Souls\n

\n Mykola Amosov is a talented medical scientist who is famous for a significant contribution to cardiology. Over his life, he operated more than ten thousand people and almost all of them were saved from death. This man invented a large number of unique technologies that have not previously been known by the world. His attitude towards life and contribution to saving the humanity is really worth of attention.\n

\n The Path to Saving World\n

\n Mykola Amosov was a very talented person who had been showing unique abilities since childhood. It is worth noting that his dedication to saving human lives declared itself during World War II. Only during the war years, he operated more than four thousand wounded, not to mention simple medical manipulations.\n

\n For a long time, Mykola Amosov had been specializing in pulmonary surgery. He graduated from the university even with this specialty but with time, he changed the direction to cardiology. \u00a0By the way, Mykola Amosov wanted to practice physiology, but free places at the university were only in surgery. And at the same time, he studied at the Correspondence Industrial Institute and received an engineer diploma (and also with honors). It is a sign of destiny, is not it?\n

\n As a genius cardiologist, Mykola Amosov was the first medical specialist who injected an artificial valve into the patient's heart. It happened in 1962 - the same year he was elected a corresponding member of the Academy of Medical Sciences.\n

\n Moreover, Amosov was one of the first specialists in the history of medicine who began to treat heart disease. \u00a0At first, the scientist tried to \u201cturn off\u201d the heart on the dog. When his experience was crowned with success, operations on the human body were carried out as well.\n

\n It is also worth to mention that Mykola Amosov created the device of artificial circulation \"heart-lung.\" And during his life, he underwent five heart operations. And who knows, maybe his abilities and talents could help him to save own life?\n

", "year_of_birth": "1913", "year_of_death": "2002"}, {"id": 292, "activity": {"id": 12, "name": "Bridge engineering and welding"}, "century": {"id": 1, "name": "XX"}, "photo": "/media/about/people/photo_AoiJH4J.jpg", "name": "Yevhen Paton", "short_bio": "Scientist in the field of bridge engineering and welding", "bio": "

\n Yevhen Paton \u2013 the Master of Bridge Building Study\n

\n Yevhen Paton shall associate in our minds with bridging industry as he dedicated all his long life to the sphere of the bridge building, relentlessly improving the art of bridge constructing schemes and methods. Most of his famous creatures we observe nowadays in Kyiv. Paton is not only a talented constructor but also a strong personality. The proofs of that are below.\n

\n A Strict and Demanding Teacher\n

\n Paton started his career in bridging with the teaching practice at the Moscow Engineering School with a special and unique methodology for teaching the bridge design course. Being quite an uncompromising, strict and demanding person, especially to his own son, the students made up legends about Paton\u2019s way of teaching, but, at the same time, felt lucky to have such a teacher. However, Paton didn\u2019t only demand much but also gave to his students all his knowledge and masterhood.\n

\n A talented scientist and educator, he headed the Institute of Electro-Welding for many years, made a serious contribution to the development of many branches of Ukrainian industry. \u201cI'm not attracted to the exact sciences themselves, but to the possibility of their practical application. The formulas and series of figures are embodied in building structures,\u201d Paton admitted during his lectures. That was a complete truth. The \u201cproofs\u201d of his words in the shape of numerous bridges we may observe nowadays.\n

\n During any bridge constructing process, the academician was distinguished by extraordinary thrift and economy. The workers often left comments that he personally gave his staff stationery and paper, and also could criticize the deputy on the economic part for a handful of scattered nails. That was his peculiarity that was fully compensated by his talent.\n

\n The Most Famous Paton\u2019s Bridges\n

\n The first bridge of Paton in Kiev, still riveted by old technology, has survived to this day. This is the \"Bridge of Love\" - a graceful arc connecting two races over the Petrovsky Alley. They say that some kind of high school student was thrown at him because of unfortunate love. But it\u2019s just a legend.\n

\n In the 1930s, a welded bridge across the Canal of Alberta was built in Belgium, but it fell. Such a failure might \u201cbreak up\u201d the motivation to build at all, but that is not about Yevhen Paton. He wanted to create something really outstanding and grandiose. Many specialists treated the idea of Paton to build a welded bridge across a large river like the Dnieper quite skeptically. However, the academic himself was confident in his own right and proved it in reality. Nowadays, one of the largest in the world, located in Kiev all-welded bridge across the Dnieper is known as the Paton Bridge, named after its creator. Today more than 145 thousand cars travel to the coast from the shore to the shore daily to the glory of Paton and his disciples. In fact, Yevhen Paton made a revolution in bridge construction.\n

\n His son, Boris Paton considered the father to be the role model to follow. Together they contributed much to the construction of housing for employees of the National Academy of Sciences. Now Kiev has a crowded and prosperous district as Akademgorodok. It\u2019s hard to believe that all those things have the only wonderful author.\n

", "year_of_birth": "1870", "year_of_death": "1953"}, {"id": 300, "activity": {"id": 16, "name": "Energy engineering"}, "century": {"id": 1, "name": "XX"}, "photo": "/media/about/people/photo_89pGNcN.jpg", "name": "Oleksandr Vinter", "short_bio": "Scientist, energy engineer, hydrostations founder", "bio": "

\n Oleksandr Vinter as the Ukrainian Founder of Hydro Stations in Europe\n

\n Energy engineering, 1878 \u2013 1958\n

\n The name of the famous scientist and energy engineer Oleksandr Vinter is connected with the construction of the largest at that time in the Soviet Union hydroelectric power plant on the Dnipro River \u2013 the Dnipro HES, and a number of other constructions that became the stage of the triumphal progress of the technology in the 20\n th\n century.\n

\n From 1898 Vinter studied at the Kiev Polytechnic Institute, from which he was excluded for the participation in a student revolutionary circle, arrested and exiled to Baku (Azerbaijan). In 1912 he graduated from the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute and took part in the technical design of large hydroelectric power stations, including the Dnipro HES.\n

\n In Baku, he worked in the company \"Electric Power\"( by the way, Oleksandr wanted to get as much experience as possible and worked as the electrician, station officer, head of the station \"Bibi-Eibat\" and \"White City\") on the expansion of the power plants using the first steam turbines in Europe.\n

\n While constructing the Dnipro HES, the workers described Vinter as the person who tried to take care of people. However, Vinter was rectilinear and sharp. He wore high boots, looked around everywhere, rubbed his hands and gave directions on the smallest detail. He made scandals when he noticed the smallest deviation from the norms.\n

\n Vinter didn\u2019t have a family so he devoted all his life to the building activity, especially to his grandiose project the Dnipro HES.\n

\n February 7, 1927 Vinter was appointed as the Chief Engineer, and later Chief of \u201cthe Dniprobud\u201d company. When Vinter began to conduct a socially-oriented policy at \u201cthe Dniprobud\u201d, some complaints fell into Moscow that, instead of the construction of the dam, he did something else except for which he was appointed (he led the construction of some auxiliary facilities and housing construction); however, Oleksandr was supported and justified by the political leaders.\n

\n Initially, the solemn opening of the Dnipro HES was scheduled for October 1, 1932, but Stalin, who reported on this, commented: \u201cLet's delay the opening on October 10\u201d. On October 10, the head of \u201cthe Dniprobud\u201d Oleksandr Vinter celebrated his birthday, and thus the political leader decided to express his respect to the person whose contribution to the project was really invaluable.\n

\n The station was the largest in Europe. Upon completion of the construction of the Dnipro HES, Vinter was elected a member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Oleksandr Vinter was really proud of his \u201cmasterpiece\u201d as he was lucky to create the most incredible architectural project of his whole life. Vinter worked on the study of the energy resources all his life and achieved much in that.\n

", "year_of_birth": "1878", "year_of_death": "1958"}, {"id": 301, "activity": {"id": 17, "name": "Chemistry"}, "century": {"id": 1, "name": "XX"}, "photo": "/media/about/people/photo_sNIu4I6.jpg", "name": "Lev Pysarzhevsky", "short_bio": "Scientist, seveloper of the theory of electrolytic dissociation\n", "bio": "

\n Lev Pysarzhevsky as the Developer of the Theory of Electrolytic Dissociation\n

\n Chemistry, 1874 \u2013 1938\n

\n At the age of 14, Pysarzhevsky had to earn for living with lessons. After graduating from the gymnasium, he entered the Odessa University where he began his scientific work. After some fluctuations in the choice between biology and chemistry, Pysarzhevsky stopped at the last. As he told later, the great role in this choice was the Mendeleev\u2019s book \"Fundamentals of Chemistry\" that remains in the chemical literature as an unsurpassed model of critical thought and a correct understanding of the role of science.\n

\n Immediately after entering the Odessa University, Pysarzhevsky began working in the laboratory of his teacher P. G. Melikov.\n

\n That time there just appeared the theory of electrolytic dissociation, which laid the foundation for modern theoretical chemistry. Most scientists of the older generation did not initially recognize it. Pysarzhevsky already in his first public speech in 1891 defended this theory against a number of its opponents, including his teacher.\n

\n The next four years were filled with intense scientific work, first with Melikov, and then independently. During this short time, both scientists published 18 on inorganic peroxides. These works were published in a number of magazines in Ukraine and abroad. They were immediately appreciated and created for Pysarzhevsky the reputation as one of the most prominent chemists of that time.\n

\n Pysarzhevsky synthesized a number of new peroxide compounds; described their properties and showed a natural change in their strength, depending on the place of the element in the periodic system. The series of Pysarzhevsky\u2019s peroxide compounds later became widely used as disinfectants and bleaching agents. Nowadays the perborates have grown into an important branch of the chemical industry.\n

\n Pysarzhevsky also participated in the creation of the magazine \"Nature\", which is coming out till nowadays. Its first issue appeared on January 26, 1912.\n

\n Unlike some scholars, who consider teaching as an inevitable burden, Pysarzhevsky gave it a lot of strength and considered this side of his work as much important as scientific research itself. He always prepared lectures carefully, updated them and carried out the original and fresh thoughts. Studying the activities of Pysarzhevsky, it is easy to identify the influence of his lectures preparation and work on the textbook on the evolution of his scientific views and interests.\n

\n Lev Pysarzhevsky was a great teacher. He was always surrounded by loyal students and followers whom he could inspire with enthusiasm. In teaching practice, both in science and in life, he was a courageous innovator and never walked along the patterned paths. His course of inorganic chemistry was widely used; several generations of students and teachers were brought up on his lectures that are a proof of Lev\u2019s great intellect and research skills.\n

", "year_of_birth": "1874", "year_of_death": "1938"}, {"id": 304, "activity": {"id": 10, "name": "Mechanical engineering"}, "century": {"id": 3, "name": "XIX"}, "photo": "/media/about/people/photo_5NIF8Rf.jpg", "name": "Iosyp Tymchenko", "short_bio": "Mechanical engineer, the founder of kinescope", "bio": "

\n Iosyp Tymchenko as the Factual Founder of the Kinescope\n

\n Mechanical engineering\n , 1852-1924\n

\n Few people know that the real discoverer of the kinescope was the Ukrainian Iosyp Tymchenko but not the famous French Lumiere brothers. The only reason for that is Tymchenko\u2019s invention wasn\u2019t patented.\n

\n The First Inventions\n

\n The self-taught scientist began with a day-to-day job in some mechanics workshop. That did not prevent him from creating microsurgical instruments for eye operations and even encouraged to develop the first electric clock, which even reached the emperor Alexander II who really enjoyed Tymchenko\u2019s invention.\n

\n Chief Mechanical Engineer of Odessa University\n

\n Iosyp Tymchenko showed a real talent and remarkable skills in designing. He even directed the mechanical workshops at the University in Odessa. Later Iosyp became the chief mechanic of the University.\n

\n Tymchenko is known as the author of many original inventions, primarily automatic meteorological, physical and astronomical instruments, some of which were repeatedly awarded the gold and silver medals at the world famous exhibitions. Iosyp participated in the creation of the first model of the Freudenberg automatic telephone exchange that is a proof of him being a real genius in mechanics field.\n

\n The Invention of the Kinescope\n

\n However, Tymchenko considered the kinescope as the invention of all his life. In 1893 (two years before the discovery of Lumiere brothers), together with the physicist M. Ljubimov, Tymchenko developed the jumping mechanism known as the \"snail\". The principle of this mechanism became the basis for the new kinescope device.\n

\n Sensational Demonstrations of the First Movies\n

\n In November 1893, a public demonstration of two movies was presented with the kinescope on the Odessa race course. The movies \"Rider\" and \"Spider Meter\" took place in the Odessa hotel \"France\". Iosyp Tymchenko also filmed with his kinescope the first horse racing organized in Odessa. That was a real success.\n

\n Those days, even the word \"cinema\" did not exist in people\u2019s minds, so the local newspaper \"Odessa leaf\" enthusiastically wrote about the opening of an art exhibition of \"live pictures\", which is triggered by an \u201celectric car\u201d. This car was just the first kinescope, or \"kinetoscope\", as it was called by Tymchenko himself.\n

\n \u201cKinescope\u201d Success at Medical Conference\n

\n In January 1894, Tymchenko, with the help of his invention, fixed a medical conference, which was held in 1893 at the Odessa University, artfully demonstrating the images on the screen.\n

\n The conference participants were really surprised by Tymchenko's kinescope and expressed gratitude to the inventor. This happened a year before the official presentation of kinescope by Lumiere brothers in France. During the conference, the participants marveled at two things. The first was how brilliantly simple the device was, and the second was that Tymchenko had no special education to create such an innovational device for that time as Tymchenko had only three classes of the church school.\n

\n Thus, I. Tymchenko was factually ahead of West European inventors Lumier. But, unfortunately, his invention has never been patented and all the fame and success came to French inventors.\n

", "year_of_birth": "1852", "year_of_death": "1924"}, {"id": 307, "activity": {"id": 1, "name": "Aircraft"}, "century": {"id": 1, "name": "XX"}, "photo": "/media/about/people/photo_vAq0KJE.jpg", "name": "Dmytro Hryhorovych", "short_bio": "Aircraft designer, engineer", "bio": "

\n Dmytro Hryhorovych \u2014 the Ukrainian Genius of Hydroairplanes, 1883-1938\n

\n The life of D. Hryhorovych was full of twists and turns. Among 80 plane constructions, developed on his own or under his management, they put the accent on sea flying boats that for a long time were considered beyond compare worldwide.\n

\n Dmytro created the best fighter in the world. He presented a series of ideas to the world aircraft engineering that is widely used in this sphere nowadays.\n

\n Since his childhood, Dmytro showed interest to STEM disciplines. That\u2019s natural he entered Kyiv polytechnic institute (a motherland for engineering geniuses).\n

\n Biplane G-1 from Bamboo Material\n

\n After graduating from the institute, Hryhorovych made up his mind to dedicate his life to aviation. His small garage bristling with mechanic tools, compounds of power generators, etc. inspired Volodymyr for creative and innovational ideas. The first lightweight sports biplane G-1 with an engine \u201cAnzani\u201d, having power 25 h.p., was tested by Dmytro in 1910. It was produced of the bamboo material.\n

\n The next creation of Hryhorovych became the airplane, constructed according to the scheme of the French plane \u201cBl\u00e9riot XI\u201d. The engine \u201cAnzani\u201d was also implemented this time but it had its own control system and chassis design. At Kyiv aeronautics exhibition this very airplane attracted the attention of the world specialists as well as aviation hobbyists. The Ukrainian magazine \u201cCar and Aeronautics\u201d denominated the airplane as the best construction of this exhibition.\n

\n Soon the world witnessed the construction of sports airplanes \u2014 G-2 and G-3. Dmytro performed the entire set of construction works.\n

\n What about Hydroplane?\n

\n That time, Hryhorovych cherished the idea of hydroairplane creation. He started making drawings. This process was characterized by a few innovational approaches. Dmytro installed the aircraft, not on the floats necessary for takeoff and landing on the water, but constructed a \u201cflying boat\u201d that performed the role of the fuselage and landing elements of the land-based plane at the same time.\n

\n The new construction received the title M-1 and exceeded the specialists\u2019 expectations. This vehicle got off the ground on June 1, 1914 (two months prior to the beginning of the First World War).\n

\n There didn\u2019t exist yet the theoretical justification for the design of hydroairplanes capable of \u201cflying\u201d and \u201cswimming\u201d, at that time. Therefore, all the construction problems Dmytro faced, had to be solved on the go, using his rich theoretical and practical experience. Dmytro succeeded in that, so, in 1915 the world saw his next incredible model \u2014 M-5, which possessed the excellent seaworthiness (lifted a load of 300 kg, reached maximum height in 3.5 seconds). Right after the testing, M-5 joined Baltic and Black Sea Navy Fleets.\n

\n Exciting Characteristics of M-9\n

\n M-9 (the next constructor\u2019s achievement, 1916) was the double sea reconnaissance-bomber. Having the engine power 150 h.p., M-9 reached the speed higher comparing to other bombers. It floated in the storm of 4 points. Thanks to the concave redan the plane could land and even take off from the snow surface. M-9 proved the world of aviation that the \u201cflying boat\u201d could have the frontal resistance and weight items smaller than land-based planes. The USA and Great Britain officially bought the drawings of M-9.\n

\n Hryhorovych created 80 types of designed planes with the greatest models including M-11, M-15, and the mine planter MK-1. He left a really significant heritage of brilliant construction solutions that nowadays are considered classical.\n

", "year_of_birth": "1883", "year_of_death": "1938"}, {"id": 308, "activity": {"id": 2, "name": "Spacecraft"}, "century": {"id": 1, "name": "XX"}, "photo": "/media/about/people/photo_GLdmaX5.jpg", "name": "Valentyn Glushko", "short_bio": "Engineer and a major scientist in the field of rocket and space technology", "bio": "

\n Valentyn Glushko: Conquering the Space\n

\n Valentyn Glushko was an engineer and a major scientist in the field of rocket and space technology. It has to be noted that he was one of the pioneers of rocket and space technology whose contributions cannot be overestimated up to date. Valentyn Glushko was the founder of the liquid rocket engine. Let\u2019s start considering the life-journey of this talented scientist.\n

\n How Was It?\n

\n Valentyn was born on September 2, 1908, in Odessa. In 1919 he entered the St. Paul's real school there. During that period he led the Young Peace Students Circle at the Odessa branch of the Russian Society for the Favor of World Studies. In 1920-1922 he studied at the Conservatory in the class of violin with Professor Stolyarov.\n

\n The first Glushko\u2019s publication named \"The Conquest of the Moon by the Earth\" had a great success. Later, the editions of the Russian Society of World Cultures published the results of his observations of the meteor shower, sketches of Venus, Mars, and Jupiter, made from own observations in 1924 and 1925 as well. At the same time, Valentyn Glushko became interested in the idea of space flights and from 1923 he corresponded with Tsiolkovsky.\n

\n In 1925 he entered the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the Leningrad University. The theme of the thesis was the project of an electric rocket engine. From 1929 to 1933, he worked in the Gas-Dynamic Laboratory of the Military Research Committee under the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR, where he formed a division for the development of electric propulsion, liquid-propellant rocket engines, and liquid-fuel rockets. In 1931 - 1933 under the leadership of Glushko, the first domestic liquid-propellant rocket engines were developed.\n

\n Field of Interests\n

\n The main works are devoted to theoretical and experimental research on the most important issues of the creation and development of rocket engine and spacecraft. Valentyn Glushko is the designer of the world's first electrothermal rocket engine, the first domestic rocket engine, RLA liquid rockets. He is the designer of the following liquid propellant system: ORM, ORM-1 - ORM-70, \u2212101, \u2212102, RD-1 - RD-3, RD-100 - RD-103, RD-107, and RD-108 for the Vostok launch vehicle, RD- 119 and RD-253 for the Proton launch vehicle, RD-301, RD-170, and many others. Under his leadership, the powerful liquid propellant system was developed for low-boiling and high-boiling fuels used in the first stages and in most of the second stages of all Soviet launch vehicles and many long-range combat missiles. In 1930, he proposed nitric acid as a component of fuel. He made solutions of nitrous oxide in nitric acid and developed a shaped nozzle and thermal insulation of the combustion chamber with zirconium dioxide. In 1931 Valentyn proposed chemical ignition and self-igniting fuel.\n

\n Glushko paid close attention to the scientific content of research conducted by means of space technology created under his leadership. He attached great importance to the research of the solar system. With his active support together with specialized cartographic organizations, it was possible to prepare several editions of the lunar maps and globes of the Moon.\n

\n Valentyn Glushko was the author of more than 250 scientific and popular scientific publications. His contributions to the science led to the incredible science development which couldn't be achieved without his participation.\n

", "year_of_birth": "1908", "year_of_death": "1989"}, {"id": 309, "activity": {"id": 2, "name": "Spacecraft"}, "century": {"id": 1, "name": "XX"}, "photo": "/media/about/people/photo_3mSsGDN.jpg", "name": "Ivan Gvay", "short_bio": "Designer of the rocket weapon, colonel engineer of artillery service", "bio": "

\n Ivan Gvay: The Powerful Weapon\n

\n Gvay Ivan is a designer of installations for rocket weapons, colonel engineer of the artillery service. He is the creator of rocket weapons, inventions, scientific papers on tactical and technical substantiation of squall firing of missiles, the use of rocket depth bombs that are devoted to destroying submarines and many others.\n

\n Starting Small\n

\n Ivan Gvay was born in Dnepropetrovsk in 1905. His father was a railwayman. The son decided to follow the father\u2019s example and engage himself in the same area. Ivan graduated from the Dnepropetrovsk Railway College in 1923. One year after graduating from the technical school, he entered the Dnepropetrovsk Institute of Railway Engineers. And after finishing the third year, he was sent to the Leningrad Electrotechnical Academy as the best student.\n

\n After graduation, he worked in the GDL, and later he started working at the Rocket Research Institute. In 1942, Ivan received the Stalin Prize and the degree of Candidate of Technical Sciences without defending a thesis.\n

\n The following story relates to the following situation: when Ivan came to the Higher Attestation Commission for a diploma, he was asked: \"Where is your dissertation?\" In response, the commission heard: \"It shoots at the front!\"\n

\n Working Hard\n

\n In early 1937, the Main Artillery Directorate, and then the institute set the task of developing a ground-based multiply charged launcher installation for conducting salvo fire 132-mm rocket projectiles.\n

\n The creation of multiply charged launchers required the solution of many technical problems: ensuring the density of fire optimal choice of the number of guides and rate of fire, maintaining high maneuverability qualities launchers, protection of operators during missile launch, providing ease of maintenance, and many others. The development of a self-propelled launcher was entrusted to a team of designers led by Ivan Gvay who did his best to succeed in this task.\n

\n The team of designers was also tasked to develop aircraft launchers for firing missiles RS-82 and RS-132 with minimal mass and frontal resistance. In December 1937, after the successful completion of the tests, the 82-millimeter missiles with new launchers were taken on the armament of fighters I-15 and I-16.\n

\n The day before the start of The Second World War, on June 21, 1941, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR adopted the Ordinance on the Adoption and Deployment mass production of 132 mm rocket projectiles M-13 and launcher BM-13, called \"Katyusha\", as well as the beginning of the formation of military units of rocket artillery.\n

\n June 22, 1941, the Comintern Plant started the production of BM-13 and on the night of June 30, 1941, the first two such installations were assembled. On July 14, 1941, combat calculations of BM-13 launchers were baptized at Orsha. The results were stunning!\n

\n The railway Orsha station was completely destroyed by two batches of \"Katyusha.\" From this section of the front, the enemy took out three echelons of the dead and wounded.\n

\n Equally important was the enormous demoralizing effect of rocket weapons on the enemy.\n

\n In 1943, Ivan Gvay became a Candidate of Technical Sciences. In the last years of his life, Ivan Gvay was engaged in military history and the history of rocket technology.\n

", "year_of_birth": "1905", "year_of_death": "1960"}, {"id": 310, "activity": {"id": 1, "name": "Aircraft"}, "century": {"id": 1, "name": "XX"}, "photo": "/media/about/people/photo_QYV1jOQ.jpg", "name": "Kostyantyn Kalinin", "short_bio": "Aircraft Designer\n", "bio": "

\n Kostyantyn Kalinin: Great Aircraft Designer\n

\n It is a well-known fact that Ukraine occupies top positions among the huge planes that were built at different times in different countries of the world. Kostyantyn Kalinin is a great aircraft designer who contributed to this fact. The aircraft, created by the talented Kostyantyn with the aerodynamic design of the \"flying wing\", formed the basis of the future supersonic aircraft. Let\u2019s deep into the life of Kostyantyn Kalinin and shed the light on some of the key moments of his autobiography.\n

\n What Was the Start?\n

\n The talented aircraft designer was born on February 5, 1887 in Poland, Warsaw. Kostyantyn Kalinin lived there till 1909. Then he moved to Odessa, where he graduated from the elite infantry cadet school with honors in 1912. That place was the starting point of his future career, as it was the first time, he saw an airplane piloted by the pioneer of Russian aviation. Since then, Kalinin desired to fly.\n

\n Kalinin graduated from Gatchina Aviation School in October 1916, where the rank of a military pilot and the rank of captain accompanied him. Then he was sent on the war. He was in the heat of the moment. Kostyantyn did his best and was among those who began to use radio communications to adjust artillery fire from the air.\n

\n Life-Work\n

\n K-7 aircraft became the main one in the life of Kostyantyn Kalinin, which was ahead of its technical solutions by several decades. But earlier, there were several achievements that have to be admitted as well.\n

\n Kalinin built his first transport aircraft in 1925. The designation Kalinin K-1 received a strutting monoplane with a high-positioned elliptical wing in the plan, which became a typical feature of Kalinin\u2019s designs. Equipped with a Samson RB-9 engine with a power of 119 kW, the K-1 aircraft had a maximum speed of 161 km / h, an open cockpit in front of the wing for the pilot and a closed cockpit behind him for three passengers. The K-2 aircraft, which also appeared in 1925, was similar to the K-1. But he had a BMW IV engine with a power of 179 kW and a cabin for four passengers.\n

\n As for K-7, it was a super-heavy bomber with a crew of 11 people, which took off on August 11, 1933. With six M-34F engines of 559 kW each, it had a giant elliptical wing. The cockpit stood from it, where the pilot and navigator were placed. And the bow shooter and the bombing operator were placed in its lower part. Two keels were connected by a stabilizer and fastened to two tail beams, in the ends of which rifle points of two machine gunners were equipped. Two wing gondolas contained a multi-wheeled chassis, bomb compartments and cabs for two more shooters. The aircraft was armed with six ShKAS machine guns of 7.62 mm caliber and carried up to 9000 kg of bomb load.\n

\n Unfortunately, on October 22, 1938, as an \u201cenemy of the people,\u201d Kostyantyn Kalinin was convicted \u201cfor undermining Soviet aircraft building\u201d and was shot the next day. Konstantin Kalinin was posthumously rehabilitated on August 10, 1955 \"due to the absence of corpus delicti.\"\n

\n His aircraft designs and unique engineering solutions largely contributed to modern aircraft. Many researchers around the world use Konstantin Kalinin\u2019s designs up to this date.\n

", "year_of_birth": "1887", "year_of_death": "1938"}, {"id": 311, "activity": {"id": 19, "name": "Missile engineering"}, "century": {"id": 1, "name": "XX"}, "photo": "/media/about/people/photo_bRqp7nS.jpg", "name": "Lev Horlytsky", "short_bio": "A founder of self-propelled artillery units, military mechanical engineer", "bio": "

\n Lev Horlytsky\u00a0\u2014 the Founder of Self-Propelled Artillery Units from Ukraine, 1906-2003\n

\n Lev Horlytsky is considered the founder of self-propelled artillery units, a new type of weapons during the Second World War. He was the main constructor of such models as SU-85, SU-100, and SU-122 that were officially\n adopted by the armed forces during the war period. This weapon won the title as of being the most effective fight equipment.\n

\n The above-mentioned weapon was constructed in the Constructing bureau under the management of Lev Horlytsky.\n

\n Fruitful Work Period in Special Constructing Bureau\n

\n After graduation from the military-mechanical faculty, Lev started his career at the factory \u201cRed Putilovets\u201d where he showed his best engineering skills.\n

\n In 1942 Ukrainian military department initiated the process of the development of self-propelled artillery units of various purposes. A Special Constructing Bureau was organized to perform the task. The head of this bureau was Lev Horlytsky.\n

\n During this period, Lev takes an active part in the organization of the manufacturing process of tanks T-34. Additionally, intensive works started on the creation of self-propelled artillery units\n on the basis of the light tanks developed by the industry.\n

\n Horlytsky received the task to create two types of this equipment: the armored type SAU with a 122mm howitzer on the base of the T-34 tank with the target to give support to tanks in military operations, and light-armored UAVs with a 76mm gun based on the T-70 tank specifications for the direct fire support of the Ukrainian infantry.\n

\n Development of Grandiose SU-122 and SU-100 Models\n

\n <Alt> SU-122\n Self-Propelled Artillery Unit Model\n

\n The development of SU-122 was handled and controlled by Horlytsky. The solution SU-122 was the first type among the whole set of automatic control systems, created on the basis of the tank T-34. In 1942, after a series of successful testing, SU-122 was approved for the serial production.\n

\n These military machines were able to solve the great number of military cases and maintain the fire support for tanks and infantry. They were highly appreciated by the soldiers.\n

\n The production of self-propelled artillery units SU-100 lasted until 1948. As well as SU-85, they were constructed on the basis of the T-34 tank. They were armored (75 mm), had high trafficability, developed speeds up to 60 km/h and could shoot from close positions.\n

\n After that, Horlytsky started developing self-propelled artillery units with more advanced characteristics concerning maneuverability. Lev managed to create that type. His new SU-100 PM was adopted by the Ukrainian Soviet army.\n

\n A Few More Significant Achievements\n

\n While working in the Special Constructing Bureau, Horlytsky and his colleagues developed twenty-three artillery systems. Eleven types were adapted to serial production. Moreover, Horlytsky personally created the scheme of the stamped tower for T-34 tank which was also implemented in serial production.\n

\n During the post-war period, Horlytsky constructed the tracked armored personnel carrier that was tested and successfully used as a weapon.\n

\n It\u2019s difficult to underestimate the achievements of this person. The newspaper \u201cKomsomolska Pravda\u201d gave Lev the title as of \u201cthe creator of Victory weapon\u201d. That\u2019s true as his SU-100 is acknowledged the best self-propelled artillery unit during the war period.\n

", "year_of_birth": "1906", "year_of_death": "2003"}, {"id": 312, "activity": {"id": 1, "name": "Aircraft"}, "century": {"id": 1, "name": "XX"}, "photo": "/media/about/people/photo_8jwwbU1.jpg", "name": "Oleksandr Mykulyn", "short_bio": "Aircraft designer, the developer of aircraft engines", "bio": "

\n Oleksandr Mykulyn as the World-Known Professional of Aviation Engines, 1895-1985\n

\n Mykulyn was fond of aviation (especially motors) since his youth. During his studying at Kyiv Polytechnic Institute, Oleksandr designed and constructed a motor for his boat with the purpose to go on river voyages on the Dnieper.\n

\n Those years, his friends of the engineering circle considered Mykulyn an outstanding designer. He drew perfectly, and his detailed sketches and original layouts of various mechanisms were distinguished by excellent graphics and incredible design solutions. Mykulyn tried to practice in every sphere that attracted his attention as an engineer.\n

\n Contribution for Airplanes to Fly with Oleksandr\u2019s Engines\n

\n Concerning aircraft manufacturing, Oleksandr achieved really much. Using the engines of an outstanding aircraft designer there flew such air vehicles as TU, IL, MIG and YAK models.\n

\n Mykulyn's engines served as the equipment for the famous ANT-25, on which non-stop flights were carried out along the route Moscow-North Pole-United States of America.\n

\n MiG-1 and MiG-3 fighters, Pe-8 bomber, Il-2 attack aircraft, all these military heroes flew on the engines of Oleksandr\u2019s design. By the way, the turbojet engine for the first Ukrainian jet airliner Tu-104 was also created under the strict control of Mykulyn.\n

\n Impressive RD-9 Engine\n

\n In October 1952, the intensive works started on the engine RD-9. Mykulyn managed the process.\n

\n The \u201csecret\u201d of the RD-9 design was a special key. For the breakdown of RD-9, it was necessary to insert a key into the nozzle on the casing of the combustion chambers, then into a small hole in the rotor gudgeon with a subsequent turn to disengage the coupling. This solution was used for the first time in military history. That allowed Oleksandr to increase the reliability of the tool reducing the weight of a turbojet engine.\n

\n In early 1953, realizing that the speeds of combat aircraft would increase rapidly, Mykulyn made up his mind to create a turbojet engine for machines with supersonic speeds. Design work on the first domestic two-shaft turbojet engine, originally called AM-11, began in 1953.\n

\n It should be noted that by the end of the 1950s Ukraine occupied the leading position in the world in creating supersonic combat aircraft thanks to Oleksandr Mykulyn. For his personal achievements list, it was important and even prestigious to fix and develop his engineering success. To achieve that, Oleksandr together with his team developed the fighter with a delta wing MIG-21.\n

\n In Europe, a completely new engine was required, a universal model with a specific mass of less than two and with a sufficiently high afterburner. All these requirements were met by the latest engine, created under the leadership of Mykulyn.\n

\n Under the leadership of Oleksandr, his developments successfully completed eight State tests. Speaking about how his activity was valued and encouraged, the proof is that Mykulyn was awarded the title Hero of Socialist in 1940, and what is particularly remarkable - two Orders of Suvorov. In August 1944 he was awarded the rank of Major General for his precious achievements.\n

\n Until the end of his life, Oleksandr remained an enthusiastic person: in his mature years, he developed his own system of dealing with old age and published it in his book \u201cActive Longevity\u201d. He proved the efficiency of his system by his own example as he lived to be ninety years old.\n

", "year_of_birth": "1895", "year_of_death": "1985"}, {"id": 313, "activity": {"id": 13, "name": "Electrical engineering"}, "century": {"id": 3, "name": "XIX"}, "photo": "/media/about/people/photo_jbJZ5cy.jpg", "name": "Fedir Pirotskyi", "short_bio": "Engineer and inventor, developed the first electric tram", "bio": "

\n Fedir Pirotskyi: Tram to the World\n

\n Fedir Pirotskyi is a well-known engineer and inventor, who is credited with creating the world's first electric tram. By the way, transport is one of the factors of air pollution. And most of us harm the atmosphere every day. However, not all vehicles are so harmful to the environment. For example, a tram is an environmentally friendly transport. As a result, Fedir Pirotskyi has largely contributed to saving our planet. Let\u2019s consider his life journey.\n

\n The Beginning of the Life\u2019s Journey\n

\n Fedir Pirotskyi was born on February 17, 1845 in a family of military doctors in Poltava. In 1866 he graduated from the Konstantinovsky Cadet Corps and the Mikhailovsky Military Artillery Academy and then he served in the artillery troops in Kyiv. Here he made friends with the famous electrical engineer Pavel Yablochkov, which apparently played a major role in the emergence of interest in electricity.\n

\n In his student years, while undergoing practical training at Finnish military enterprises, Fedir was amazed at the number of waterfalls in these places, whose energy was used very limitedly. The deep impression received from the beauty and power of this element of nature prompted Pirotskyi to work on the transmission of electricity from sources of production (steam engines or waterfalls) to consumers (settlements, enterprises). This problem has become fundamental for the development of world electrical engineering since approaches to the transmission of weak currents have already been found.\n

\n During the auditor\u2019s work, Fedir shown himself as a talented researcher. The audit assumed a detailed acquaintance with the state of the cannon production, which could not be called perfect. To correct the situation, Pirotskyi proposed a new model of triple-wall blast furnaces, which made it possible to reduce fuel consumption in the smelting process.\n

\n Tram Period\n

\n In 1879, Fedir Pirotskyi went to St. Petersburg after a business trip to the Black Sea and immediately proposed to the city authorities a draft of a tram on electric. However, the owners of horse railways blocked its adoption, which did not change the plans of the inventor.\n

\n During the summer of 1880, he was engaged in the reconstruction of a massive bunk car of a horse-drawn railway weighing 6.5 tons, designed for 40 passengers. In the lower part of the body, Pirotsky attached a DC traction motor and gearbox. For the first time, such a design was equipped with a two-stage gear train, a traction motor to the axles of the car, which became the prototype for the locomotive's wheelset, with which we are familiar today.\n

\n To make tramroad serve as a source of transmission of electricity, Pirotskyi isolated the crutches from the sleepers by means of special tools and placed insulating pads of tarpaulin under the rails.\n

\n The ideas of Fedir Pirotskyi began to be applied abroad even during his lifetime. In 1880, Thomas Edison organized the first experiments on the use of electric traction on the railroad in New York. A year later, the \u201cSiemens Brothers Company\" began the production of wagons that were identical in design to the Pirotsky brainchild. In the same year, the Gross-Lichterfield tramline with a length of 2500 meters appeared in the Berlin, along which a carriage designed for 20 passengers traveled.\n

\n As we can see, the Fedir Pirotskyi\u2019s contributions to the transport system as well as to ecology are priceless.\n

", "year_of_birth": "1845", "year_of_death": "1898"}, {"id": 315, "activity": {"id": 1, "name": "Aircraft"}, "century": {"id": 1, "name": "XX"}, "photo": "/media/about/people/photo_1LzTckE.jpg", "name": "Oleksandr Nudelman", "short_bio": "Aircraft engineer", "bio": "

\n Oleksandr Nudelman: The Legendary NS-37 Main Gun and Other Great Achievements\n

\n 1912-1996\n

\n Thanks to the great interest in the sphere of engineering and brilliant constructing skills, Oleksandr Nudelman became one of the leading developers of the absolutely innovational construction of the aircraft automatic main gun MP-6 created according to the technic order of the Ukrainian air force.\n

\n In 1940 all kinds of engineering works were finished. The young constructor was awarded the first military medal.\n

\n Starting to work at the Special Constructing Bureau, Oleksandr successfully coordinated the process of the design of aircraft automatic weapons with the goal to ensure a reliable defeat of air and ground targets. This weapon type had to go beyond all types of main guns concerning the tactical and technical features, which were in service with aircraft of all developed countries.\n

\n Key Advantages of NS-37\n

\n So, during a short period of time Nudelman and the group of engineers managed to construct the powerful quick-firing air main gun NS-37 (37-mm caliber).\n

\n After the testing, in 1942 NS-37 was officially accepted by the Ukrainian Soviet aviation. This main gun was fixed on such battle-plane models as YAK-7B, YAK-9T, LaGG-3, and the strike-fighter IL-2. During a military operation, the Ukrainian main guns of IL-2 strike-fighters destroyed the opponent\u2019s heavy tanks \u201cTiger\u201d and \u201cPanther\u201d.\n

\n The development of the most powerful high-speed air gun NS-37 was the determinant in the successful winning of air supremacy by the Ukrainian aviation during the Second World War period. The military opponent didn\u2019t have such a hard-hitting main gun.\n

\n If even one NS-37 hits an enemy plane, that was enough to destroy it. During the war period, more than eight thousand NS-37 main guns were produced.\n

\n The front soldiers commented that NS-37 experienced the reputation of being a really menacing weapon with great striking features.\n

\n Upgraded NS-45 and Modernized NS-23\n

\n A year later, in 1944, Nudelman developed the most powerful main gun ever \u2014 NS-45 (45-mm caliber).\n

\n It was constructed on the basis of the NS-37 model. This gun was fixed on YAk-9K fighters who participated in the battles during the final war period. At the same time, Oleksandr created the main gun of smaller caliber NS-23 that was adopted and put into the mass production.\n

\n Strike-fighters IL-10 equipped with four wing-mounted main guns NS-23 performed during the final stage of the war. Later, they were used for jet fighter armament.\n

\n Until the 50s, such air main guns as NS-23, NR-23, N-37, and NR-30 served as the key armament of the first-line aircraft of the Ukrainian Soviet army.\n

\n The air main gun R-23 for the purpose of the bombing was constructed in accordance with the principally new engineering scheme that had no analogs in the world military technic.\n

\n During the post-war period, Nudelman conducted the work on the creation of fundamentally new weapons as well as modern special equipment. There were constructed the gems of the military collection: the radio-controlled anti-tank complex \"Phalanga\" and the self-propelled anti-aircraft missile systems \"Strela-1\" and \"Strela-10\" as well as the world's first complex of tank control weapons \u201cCobra\u201d.\n

\n If to speak about Oleksandr\u2019s contribution onto the sphere of rocket production, he managed to develop aircraft self-guided rockets of the \u201cair-to-ground\u201d class. The clue to the striking success of both innovational models S-25L and S-25LD was in a laser homing head, which was the unique type worldwide.\n

", "year_of_birth": "1912", "year_of_death": "1996"}, {"id": 316, "activity": {"id": 2, "name": "Spacecraft"}, "century": {"id": 1, "name": "XX"}, "photo": "/media/about/people/photo_RkLu3hc.jpg", "name": "Mykhaylo Yangel", "short_bio": "Mechanical engineer, spacecraft engineer", "bio": "

\n Mykhaylo Yangel: The Hero of Modern Times\n

\n Mykhaylo Yangel was an outstanding scientist and designer in the field of rocket and space technology, one of the organizers of the rocket industry in the USSR and Ukraine. He was the founder and first chief designer of the Pivdenne Design Bureau. Yangel largely contributed to the development of space science.\n

\n The Starting Point\n

\n Mykhaylo Yangel was born on October 2 in 1911 in Siberia. In 1926, after finishing the sixth grade, Yangel leaves for Moscow, where his elder brother Constantine was studying at the time. He works at a weaving factory and at the same time studies at a factory school. In 1931 he entered the Moscow Aviation Institute. After graduating from the institute in 1937 with honors, he was sent to the design bureau of Polikarpov, who was the \"king of fighters\" of those years. He was an assistant to the chief designer. In 1938 he was sent on a long trip to aircraft factories in the United States. During the war, Yangel works at one of the aircraft factories in Novosibirsk.\n

\n Great Contribution\n

\n Mykhaylo Yangel was the founder of a new direction in rocket technology based on the use of high-boiling fuel components and an autonomous control system, which significantly increased the combat readiness of strategic missiles. He took part in the development of projects of the first Soviet combat missiles R-5 and R-7, which led to the development of projects for the R-11 and R-12 missiles. He organized a study of aerodynamics, ballistics, materials science and other problems of the missile industry.\n

\n In 1957, the first test of the Yangel medium-range R-12 missile (according to the American SS-4 terminology) was successfully tested. Here the latest constructive achievements were applied: new fuel components, new solutions in the control system, in the preparation and launch devices. What was especially important \u2212 the new fuel components made it possible to develop and further distribute a fundamentally new solution in the whole series of combat missiles: storage missiles in constant combat readiness in mine launchers, which gave the rocket complexes a high level of protection. By 1959, the SS-4 Yangelev missiles were installed in combat positions, and the ingenious designer began testing a new missile system, the SS-5.\n

\n The creative team of Pivdenne Design Bureau, headed by Yangel, created several generations of highly efficient combat missile systems and space systems, many of which were pioneering decisions. Mykhaylo Yangel made a great contribution to strengthening the country's power and defense capability. Based on powerful and operative combat missiles designed by Yangel, the Strategic Missile Forces were created in the Soviet Union, which became the basis of the country's nuclear missile shield. The launch vehicles Cosmos and Cosmos-2, various types of military, scientific and national spacecraft were designed as well. The first satellites of the Cosmos and Intercosmos series were launched into orbit, which initiated international cooperation in space exploration.\n

\n As Chief Designer Yangel made bold and effective design and technical solutions that significantly increased the effectiveness of missile systems: separable and orbital warheads, false targets for overcoming missile defense, mortar launching of heavy missiles and much more. Mykhaylo Yangel formed the multifunctional structure of Pivdenne Design Bureau, created powerful cooperation between enterprises and developers of rocket and space technology.\n

", "year_of_birth": "1911", "year_of_death": "1971"}, {"id": 317, "activity": {"id": 19, "name": "Missile engineering"}, "century": {"id": 3, "name": "XIX"}, "photo": "/media/about/people/photo_cnVGOOk.jpg", "name": "Oleksandr Zasyadko", "short_bio": "Designer and specialist in the development of missile weapons", "bio": "

\n Oleksandr Zasyadko: Momentous Missile\n

\n Let us start with a well-known historical fact: the Cossacks were the first warriors who widely used combat missiles in 1515 for the first time in Europe! They frightened the Tatars during the storming of the fortress under Belgorod. The rockets \u201cjumped up\u201d six times, bouncing off the ground, and thus plunged the harmonious and disciplined Tatar into a panic. The Crimean Khan Melik-Giray suffered a crushing defeat in this battle, although he had a numerical advantage over the Cossacks. But soon the Ukrainians lost the secret of \"rocket weapons\" because all the rocket men who participated in the military campaign died in further battles. However, the name of Oleksandr Zasyadko revived the fame of military missiles.\n

\n Who Was Oleksandr Zasyadko?\n

\n Oleksandr Zasyadko was born in Poltava region, in the village of Lyutenka on November 7, 1779. He came \"from the Little Russian nobles\", and the Zasyadko clan originates from the Cossacks of the Zaporozhian Sich. Father held the post of county treasurer in Perekop and was credited in the second part of the genealogical book of Poltava nobles.\n

\n In 1789 Olexander was assigned to the Artillery and Engineering cadet corps in St. Petersburg. Prior to that, he was brought up in the house and studied the hymnal, as it was set in Ukraine.\n

\n Olexander, who was somewhat tongue-tied from birth, had to study a lot on his own. In the corps, he acquired solid knowledge in artillery and fortification, and moreover, he physically strengthened. He improved in other sciences and language as well. Being an officer, Oleksandr devoted all his free time to reading.\n

\n Zasyadko spent in military campaigns under the leadership of Suvorov and Kutuzov fifteen years, fought Italy, Turkey, Prussia, Germany, France. Service record of Alexander is full of numerous records of the battles and campaigns in which he participated.\n

\n Fateful Invention\n

\n During the military campaign of 1813-1814 Oleksandr familiarized with the English missiles. Returning to the homeland, he decided to create own rockets which would be superior to English in tactical and technical characteristics.\n

\n Then he began his experiments with rockets. The first task was to develop a safe technology for production, which excluded explosions at all stages of manufacturing. Secondly, Oleksandr had to search for the most optimal dimensions of the rocket components. And finally, he had to select materials suitable for work according to physical and chemical properties. Interestingly, Zasyadko didn't want to be equal to the English examples, because Oleksandr sought to unravel the secret of his ancestors of the Zaporozhian Cossacks.\n

\n Zasyadko developed several types of combat missiles. The shells were small. But the main thing was that they were safe both during assembly and at launch. Zasyadko\u2019s installation, with which it was possible to launch a volley at once with six missiles, was completely unique and unparalleled. By the way, Oleksandr was fond of the idea of \u200b\u200b\"striving\" to the moon. He figured out how much powder would be needed for such a rocket, and came to the conclusion that definitely some kind of more powerful fuel should be used. He sought it, including where it was soon discovered \u2212 in oil.\n

\n Zasyadko\u2019s calculations, the principles of jet thrust, ballistics, and missiles helped the modern military system to reach its peaks. And therefore, it can be said that the space era for Ukrainians began in 1815 in Poltava.\n

", "year_of_birth": "1779", "year_of_death": "1837"}, {"id": 318, "activity": {"id": 2, "name": "Spacecraft"}, "century": {"id": 1, "name": "XX"}, "photo": "/media/about/people/photo_WFPTLwV.jpg", "name": "Mykhailo Reshetniov", "short_bio": "Famous Ukrainian scientist, constructor, one of the founders of the Ukrainian Soviet cosmonautics.", "bio": "

\n Mykhailo Reshetniov as the Founder of Satellite Communications, 1924-1996\n

\n Reshetniov is known in world engineering as a famous Ukrainian scientist, constructor, one of the founders of the Ukrainian Soviet cosmonautics.\n

\n \u201cOne Thousand of Satellites\u201d Achievement\n

\n Mykhailo published over two hundred scientific articles. Due to his management activity, there were implemented more than thirty kinds of space systems and complexes. The researchers in the sphere of cosmonautics analytics state that during the period from 1959 until 1996 approximately one thousand satellites constructed by Reshetniov\u2019s engineering team, were put into orbit.\n

\n Mykhailo made a great contribution to the development of the Ukrainian systems of satellite navigation and connection.\n

\n He founded the Ukrainian scientific school of talented engineers and developers of the rocket and space technologies.\n

\n Launch Vehicle \u201cKosmos\u201d\n

\n $\"\"$ \n

\n Since 1959 Reshetniov was the deputy to the leading constructor Serhii Koroliov of the Special Constructing bureau. During this period a thirty-nine-year-old engineer successfully finished the development of the universal launch vehicle \u201cKosmos\u201d based on the military ballistic rocket R-14 that gave the start to the launching of the first satellites SCB-10 to orbit.\n

\n The launch vehicle Kosmos-ZM that was constructed and produced by Russian production association \u201cPoliot\u201d in 1970 is being used for more than forty years. It\u2019s considered the most reliable technology according to the features of its category.\n

\n Reshetniov coordinated the process of the development of the automatic magnetogravity orientation system with an absolutely unlimited service life that guaranteed the flight of a great number of spacecraft.\n

\n Investigating Complex Space Physics Phenomena\n

\n Mykhailo paid much time to the complex investigation of the space factors physics that gave the opportunity to develop the methodology of reliable safety means of spaceships against the negative impact and other factors.\n

\n The engineer made a great theoretic and practical contribution to the mechanics of composite items, kinematics of transformable systems, and the creating of the specific devices for executive automation.\n

\n His investigations started up a new direction in the field of special engineering, the creation of communications, navigation, and geodetic satellite systems.\n

\n In 1998 Mykhailo was posthumously awarded the medal and the diploma of American Institute of Astronautics for the fundamental contribution to the development of satellite communications.\n

\n Reshetniov organized and controlled the production process of such broadcasting and telecommunication satellites as \u201cStrela,\u201d \u201cRaduha,\u201d \u201cHeizer,\u201d \u201cHorizont,\u201d \u201cHals,\u201d \u201cLutch\u201d and \u201cEkran\u201d. Moreover, his enormous achievements include a few geodetic satellites \u201cGEO-IK\u201d, navigation satellites \u201cTsykada\u201d and the land control spacecraft complex in Zheleznogorsk district.\n

\n Person Always Working for the Result\n

\n The most accurate commentary belongs to Colonel General Volodymyr Ivanov (1992-1997, the commander of the Military Space Forces of the Soviet Union). It sounds like as follows \u201cThe thing that constantly admired me was the ability of Mykhailo to work without superfluous fuss, as they say, to get the result. That was really difficult as for many decades in the country, due to the strict control by the Soviet government of all spheres of the country\u2019s functioning, it was prohibited to give any kind of interviews for the press about the creators of rocket and space technology.\n

\n In 2008 International Center for Small Planet Research at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory in Cambridge (USA) approved the request of the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory (Ukraine) concerning the assigning his name to the small planet No. 7046 Reshetniov.\n

", "year_of_birth": "1924", "year_of_death": "1996"}, {"id": 319, "activity": {"id": 1, "name": "Aircraft"}, "century": {"id": 1, "name": "XX"}, "photo": "/media/about/people/photo_so29zA8.jpg", "name": "Fedir Tereschenko", "short_bio": "Aircraft engineer, aviator", "bio": "

\n Fedir Tereschenko: The Designer of Great Airplane\n

\n 1888 - 1950\n

\n Tereschenko Fedir was a great aviator and patron, whose invaluable contribution into aviation had led to incredible innovations and discoveries. He was wealthy, inherited a third of the state of his father and 15 estates. His condition was equal to 8.623784 rubles \u2014 it is tens of billions of dollars today. This allowed him to do what he loved. Let\u2019s find out what was his life.\n

\n The Long Way of Success\n

\n Tereschenko Fedir was born on November 11, 1888, in Kyiv. Hereditary nobleman, son of a major sugar producer, state councilor \u2014 Tereschenko Fedir highly contributed to the development of aviation.\n

\n After graduation from the Kyiv 2nd Gymnasium, Fedir attended lectures at the Berlin Polytechnic. Then he entered the Kyiv Polytechnic Institute in 1907, from which he was sent to Moscow with a report on his own airplane project in 1910.\n

\n At the beginning of the twentieth century, two advanced hobbies appeared \u2014 cars and airplanes. Tereschenko Fedir carried away by airplanes. And not so much as a pilot, but as an aircraft designer and aircraft manufacturer. He studied with Louis Bleriot. Returning to his estate in Chervona on August 2, 1910, Fedir took the exam for the pilot. Having passed the exam, Tereschenko Fedir became the 12th pilot in the Russian Empire.\n

\n In 1910-1915, Fedir invested 150 thousand in the construction of aircraft workshops, and then more 720 thousand rubles. In the estate, he built a house and business premises for workers, designers, and aviators. In 1913, the workshop employed 25 people. Next to Chervony, he equipped an airfield of 41 hectares at the site of pasture for livestock. Managed by Tereshchenko airline, the manager of his estate was Vashkevich.\n

\n The Great Invention\n

\n In 1909 Tereshchenko decided to create his own airplane. The first plane \"Tereshchenko-1\" was created within a year! Although it was built \"based on\" the French aircraft, the term is still impressive. However, Tereschenko Fedir was not going to build copies of French airplanes but dreamed of building his own.\n

\n In 1910 Tereschenko Fedir invented and patented a device for connecting wooden structures of airplanes. So there is his second plane \u2014 Tereshchenko-2. In August 1913, he demonstrated the Tereshchenko Airplane -3, and in the spring of 1914 \u2014 a monoplane with a soft wing and a forty-strong engine.\n

\n The fifth model of the aircraft weighed 330 kg, had a length of 710 centimeters and a wingspan of 10 meters. At the same time, it could carry a load of 150 kg and had a ceiling of 2 kilometers. One of the advantages of Tereshchenko-5 was the self-starting system. It meant that the pilot could take off without help. A variant of this plane was the first to be mass-produced and the first to be acquired by the Military Ministry \u2014 it was put in an officer\u2019s school in Gatchina.\n

\n Selling the plant (World War I was the trigger for this act), Tereshchenko Fedir did not leave the aviation. In the autumn of 1916, he made a completely new model \u2014 \"Tereshchenko-7.\" Test of this model had passed successfully and the aircraft entered the armory. It was an airplane for two people that could speed up to 150 km per hour. Tereshchenko implemented his idea of \u200b\u200bchanging the angle of attack bearing surfaces. In addition, this model was more durable and less dangerous for the pilot and passengers. This was the last airplane designed by Tereshchenko Fedir.\n

", "year_of_birth": "1888", "year_of_death": "1950"}, {"id": 321, "activity": {"id": 1, "name": "Aircraft"}, "century": {"id": 1, "name": "XX"}, "photo": "/media/about/people/photo_CCZhPiC.jpg", "name": "Volodymyr Grigoriev ", "short_bio": "An aircraft designer and founder of the \u201cState Aviation Plant No. 9\u201d", "bio": "

\n Grigoriev Volodymyr: The Great Aircraft Designer\n

\n Grigoriev Volodymyr was an aircraft designer and founder of the \u201cState Aviation Plant No. 9\u201d in Aleksandrovka. Thanks to his incredible skills and knowledge, now we can be proud of our aviation because Volodymyr has highly contributed to the development of this sphere.\n

\n What Was the Start?\n

\n Grigoriev Volodymyr was born on February 7, 1883, in Kronstadt in the family of the captain-gunners. His father came from nobles of the Kyiv province but made a military career. That is the fact that the future of talented aircraft designer could be predestined. Moreover, his mother was the daughter of a colonel of artillery. But life has made its adjustments.\n

\n From 1894 to 1902 Volodymyr studied at the Kyiv real school. Having shown on the final exams quite decent knowledge \u2013 he got the right to enter the higher educational establishment. Volodymyr chose the Kyiv Polytechnic Institute and started independent life: earning a living with lessons, taking an interest in school drawing \u2013 he painted landscapes, still lifes and sold them. Moreover, he worked as a draftsman at the Arsenal plant.\n

\n In 1902 Grigoriev entered the Kyiv Polytechnic Institute to the mechanical department. Twice \u2013 in 1903 and 1904 \u2013 he was excluded from the Institute for late payment of tuition fees. In 1905 he was again admitted to the institute.\n

\n It is not known when the student Grigoriev was carried away with the ideas of aviation. The lack of material resources was a major obstacle to implementing the creative aspirations of talented enthusiast. But his life was determined by acquaintance with the son of a millionaire, Tereshchenko Fedir.\n

\n The Flying Career\n

\n $\"\"$ \n

\n Volodymyr Grigoriev worked in aircraft workshops, and later at an aircraft factory\n

\n projected by Tereshchenko from the very beginning of his activity until the autumn of 1915, occupying consistently positions of the draftsman, head of workshops, technician-designer, chief of the Technical Bureau, assistant director of the technical part. In fact, Volodymyr did a lot of work to improve the production of airplanes. He introduced a number of improvements to the design of the types of planes, and during the war, they designed and built an airplane of their own design.\n

\n In the spring of 1916, Grigoriev was attracted to the construction of the T-VII aircraft designed by him at the beginning of the war. The plane was a double biplane with the fuselage and pulling screw. Having worse aerodynamic qualities than a monoplane, the biplanes won in weight and maneuverability, which was very important under military conditions. This led to the fact that during the First World War biplane received prevalent distribution: from 85 types of planes, issued in 1915-1918 74 types were a biplane.\n

\n A characteristic feature of the design of the T-7 aircraft was the usage of wings with variable curvature of the surface and alternating during the flight at the angle of attack. A box of wings with a large angle of arrows (about 10 \u00b0) could change the angle of the installation, turning the wings around the nodes of the front sparrows.\n

\n Future aircraft designer Grigoriev Volodymyr was determined to become military. But, having entered into a conflict with his family, he chose the path of a technologist engineer. And that path is a great contribution to world aviation.\n

", "year_of_birth": "1883", "year_of_death": "1922"}, {"id": 322, "activity": {"id": 10, "name": "Mechanical engineering"}, "century": {"id": 1, "name": "XX"}, "photo": "/media/about/people/photo_ZtSf7Hy.jpg", "name": "Mykola Delaunau", "short_bio": "A scientist, expert in analytical, theoretical, and technical mechanics, the theory of mechanisms and vehicles, and the hit theory\n", "bio": "

\n Mykola Delaunau as One of the Pioneers of Ukrainian School of Aviation, 1856-1931\n

\n The creative activity of a famous Ukrainian constructor Mykola Delaunau is tightly connected with the development and numerous important inventions in such spheres as analytical, theoretical, and technical mechanics, the theory of mechanisms and vehicles, and the hit theory.\n

\n Mykola Delaunau was the one who proved the theorem on the position of the screw axis in a solid. Delaunau investigated the shape and motion of the elastic line for the rod at low oscillations and deformations; developed the theory of devices for reproduction of mathematical dependencies. Besides, Mykola Delaunau successfully solved the problem of determining the mass as a function of the coordinates of the center of impact and proved a number of theorems on the screw axis.\n

\n The above-mentioned great achievements of the engineer are not the complete list of his entire successful engineering career.\n

\n Passion for Deep Investigations in the Aviation Industry\n

\n $\"\"$ \n

\n Mykola Delaunau is considered the passionate protagonist of the most innovational aviation ideas. He stood at the root of aircraft knowledge that gave a great opportunity to create one of the most powerful industries in the world \u2014 aircraft manufacturing.\n

\n After graduating from Moscow University, the future professor-constructor Mykola Delaunau moved to St. Petersburg, where he defended his thesis \u201cAlgebraic integrals of motion of a rigid body around a fixed point\u201d (the basic principles described in the thesis are still implemented in the modern construction process of planes and some other aircraft vehicles). The presented issue comes to the complex decomposition of a specific set of algebraic integrals, depending on the restrictions imposed on the initial conditions of the motion of the body.\n

\n In his thesis, Delaunau gave several appropriate examples with their professional solving.\n

\n Another important work of Mykola is considered the writing \u201cElastic lines of low curvature\u201d where he depicted the results of deep investigations of the form and motion of the elastic line for the rod in the case of small oscillations and deformations.\n

\n Those works symbolized the appearing of new talent in the sphere of Ukrainian aviation engineering.\n

\n Creating Kyiv Aeronautics Community\n

\n $\"\"$ \n

\n As far as Delaunau moved in Kyiv, he started working at Kyiv Polytechnic Institute. This was an absolutely new fruitful period in his engineering career. In 1928 Delaunau discovered the information about a series of flights performed by Otto Lilienthal and decided to devote all his life to systemic investigations of glider models. To make the dream come true, Delaunau became one of the founders of Kyiv Aeronautics Community.\n

\n In 1908 in Kyiv, the talented engineers of the Community constructed the first towing gliders on the territory of the former Soviet Union. That was an enormous achievement for that time. The expert committee consisted of well-known professors, talented teachers and students constantly worked at the circle that considered numerous innovational projects of various types of aircraft as well as prototype models.\n

\n Additionally, within the Community there functioned two committees \u2014 scientific-technical department and sports committee. The last actively organized numerous visits of the members of Kyiv Aeronautics Community to both Syretsky and Kurenyvsky airfields where they had a unique opportunity to perform demonstrative flights.\n

\n Great Role of Mykola\u2019s Publishing Activity\n

\n It\u2019s important to note that Mykola Delaunau was not a professional aviator but he made a grandiose contribution to the popularization and the practical implementation of the aviation industry in Ukraine, especially for the strong development of gliding sphere.\n

\n Being a part of Kyiv Aeronautics Community, Mykola Delaunau actively worked and published the editorials dedicated to the complex issues and problems of aviation as well as aeronautics. Mykola cared about the students of engineering faculties and wanted to enrich their intellect by providing the scientific manuals translated from foreign languages into Russian. Thus, in 1910 according to his editorship and preface, there was published a real masterpiece \u2014 \u201cAeronautical Library\u201d written by F. Ferber, S. Dzhavetsky, and L. de Sologne.\n

\n Delaunau contributed much to the month edition of \u201cThe Collection of Articles on Aeronautics\u201d the information for which was constantly provided by the members of Kyiv Aeronautics Community. Since 1914 they started the publishing activity of the magazine \u201cAutomobile Life and Aviation\u201d.\n

", "year_of_birth": "1856", "year_of_death": "1931"}, {"id": 323, "activity": {"id": 3, "name": "Railway engineering"}, "century": {"id": 1, "name": "XX"}, "photo": "/media/about/people/photo_UyY1wNH.jpg", "name": "Oleksandr Baibakov", "short_bio": "Expert in shipbuilding, a founder of the state school of shipbuilding in Ukraine", "bio": "

\n Oleksandr Baibakov: Ukrainian Shipbuilding\n

\n 1907-1976\n

\n Oleksandr Baibakov is considered the bright representative and one of the most talented founders during the era of the formation of the river and sea fleet of former Soviet Ukraine. Baibakov was the one who founded and developed the state school of shipbuilding in Ukraine.\n

\n In 1928 Baibakov joined Kyiv factory \u201cLeninska Kuznytsia\u201d as the constructor. This factory and its construction bureau became an integral part of Baibakov\u2019s career path.\n

\n Grandiose Renovation of the Ukrainian River Fleet\n

\n $\"\"$ \n

\n During this period, there took place extensive construction works on the Dnieper hydroelectric power station. The Dnieper River \u201crequired\u201d the absolutely renewed and powerful river fleet. Thus, they approved the river shipbuilding program (1928-1931) with the key strategy to construct and introduce into service towing steamers and barges with the quantity as of around sixty items. Due to that request, there was founded the Construction Bureau of Marine Engineering where Baibakov managed to show his best professional skills.\n

\n Until 1941, there were designed and built such marine vehicles as barges, paddle tugs, general cargo motor ships, cargo-and-passenger liners, and military ships including mine-laying vessels and monitors. Those projects were successfully implemented due to strict control of from Baibakov\u2019s side. Baibakov\u2019s team developed around thirty-seven design solutions that gave birth to more than four hundred watercraft.\n

\n Such boats of warship flotilla as monitors were also designed at the \u201cLeninska Kuznytsia\u201d. The complex construction of the boats was of extremely high technology level. That was for the first time in Ukraine that the hulls designed all-welded.\n

\n Until 1945 Baibakov\u2019s engineering team designed thirty-two innovational projects that gave the background to the construction of more than one thousand boats that went into service to the Dnieper pool territory and other country waterways.\n

\n The First Head Towing Steamer in Ukraine\n

\n $\"\"$ \n

\n \u201cLeninska Kuznytsia\u201d produced the head towing steamer which entered service in 1947. This project was highly appreciated by the selection board as well as operations personnel. The head towing steamer was the first standard river paddle-wheel steamer available for a long-run implementation. For this wonderful project, Baibakov and his colleagues were awarded the USSR State Prize.\n

\n The project of a river tow-tier passenger steamer also deserves attention. This was the first project of a passenger steamer in the post-war period. The boat was designed for three hundred and fifty passengers and around thirty tons cargo. Its speed was twenty kilometers per hour.\n

\n So, until 1953 the state task to renovate the Ukrainian river fleet was successfully solved by the group of engineers led by Oleksandr Baibakov.\n

\n Great Engineering Contribution to Fishing Industry of Ukraine\n

\n A year later the Construction Bureau of Marine Engineering received another challenge: to design and produce a medium sea fishing trawler. Though this was a brand new sphere for the engineering team, they perfectly handled the task.\n

\n The first medium sea fishing trawler was built at \u201cLeninska Kuznytsia\u201d and delivered to the customer. The trawler had the most powerful characteristics ever. That was the vehicle with unlimited navigation area with ice hull reinforcements for fishing in the northern seas. Its length was thirty-nine meters; diesel power was three hundred liters per second with the crew of about twenty-five people.\n

\n All the developed projects of fishing vessels were at a high technological level.\n

\n That time the engineering team of Oleksandr Baibakov started the grandiose construction works on the first medium tonnage boat for offshore seismological oil and gas exploration that was officially presented in 1962. A series of unique engineering solutions suggested by Oleksandr was implemented while constructing the boat. \u201cLeninska Kuznytsia\u201d designed three boats of that type for Ukraine and Egypt.\n

\n It\u2019s important to note that those projects were also developed for the following targets: fishing prospecting, processing of meteorological data, investigations of physical and chemical characteristics of water. Moreover, Baibakov\u2019s team implemented their best creations to analyze the Earth's magnetic and gravitational fields and the chemical compounds of flora and fauna of the world seas and oceans.\n

\n Due to their management activity as well as active participation, Oleksandr Baibakov created around one hundred successful projects of the boats of various purposes. He managed to maintain the development of a project of any complexity on the highest performance level in a short time. There was not a single project that was left abandoned.\n

", "year_of_birth": "1907", "year_of_death": "1976"}, {"id": 324, "activity": {"id": 1, "name": "Aircraft"}, "century": {"id": 1, "name": "XX"}, "photo": "/media/about/people/photo_n1Actxv.jpg", "name": "Georgii Adler", "short_bio": "Constructor of the First Ukrainian Glider, aircraft engineer, inventor", "bio": "

\n Georgii Adler: Construction of the First Ukrainian Glider and other Significant Innovations\n

\n One of the first developers of gliders is considered the Ukrainian constructor Georgii Adler. While studying at the non-classical secondary school, Adler showed enormous curiosity concerning the things connected with aviation staff. Georgii received solid knowledge background in natural sciences that helped him in his further successful career as a constructor.\n

\n Four Box Kite Gliders of Adle\n

\n His wonderful skills, as well as strong knowledge of the topic, allowed Georgii to invent a box kite glider. To make this grandiose construction take off, they had to \u201cdrive\u201d the glider on a bicycle. Unfortunately, this experiment turned out to be a failure as this glider couldn\u2019t move slightly in the air and Adler, as a pilot, got into the accident. The same case happened to a few more Adler\u2019s box kite gliders. However, Adler didn\u2019t give up due to these sad things as he cherished the dream to develop the \u201cflying device\u201d.\n

\n While studying at the Kyiv Polytechnic Institute, Adler constructed the fourth version of a glider. This time his invention was crowned with success. The glider was constructed of the bamboo material with quite an innovational element: Adler was the first in history who put a wheeled chassis on a glider, steering wheels, heights, as well as ailerons.\n

\n Ailerons are considered specific surfaces on the trailing edge of both ends of the wings, one item turns upwards and the other moves downwards, and vice versa.\n

\n The control from the pilot\u2019s side of the tilt function of the aircraft became more efficient and easy. The states created by the ailerons greatly depend on such factors as the angle of deviation from the wing\u2019s surface, the distance from the axis of the aircraft, and the area of the steering surface.\n

\n That thing was an absolutely innovational introduction that time as nobody but Georgii Adler deeply analyzed and successfully implemented such a complex development.\n

\n First All-Flying Glider with Wheeled Chassis\n

\n Those innovations made the flight procedure easier and facilitated the control of the aircraft. A wheeled chassis, first used on a glider, also facilitated take-off and landing procedures. Adler\u2019s glider had perfect flight characteristics: the glider did not have a single accident, although many pilots flew it for three years. They consider that Adler was the first who developed the all-flying glider.\n

\n Adler\u2019s glider became the prototype of modern gliders as well as other aircraft.\n

\n Georgii took an active part in the aviation circle of the Kyiv Polytechnic Institute. He organized and participated in organizing demonstration flights and gave a series of interviews in the press under a pseudonym \u201cAviator\u201d that witnesses the absolute recognition of Adler as a genius inventor of Ukraine.\n

\n Georgii\u2019s famous glider finalized the state of their career as the constructor-pioneer in glider manufacturing. After the First World War started, Georgii joined the army where he discovered some important design schemes for his future inventions.\n

\n Incredible Specifications of the Plane \u201cCOMTA\u201d\n

\n In 1916 Adler started working as the chief constructor of the aviation factory in Petrohrad. Design solutions he suggested were really exciting and original. During this period they were developing the plane \u201cCOMTA\u201d (\u201cCommission of Heavy Aviation\u201d). This was a large three-winged airplane (one wing above the other one). The \u201cCOMTA\u201d was constructed by a group of the most reputable constructors of the factory. Georgii also took an active part in all the design processes and testing of the airplane.\n

\n The significant contribution of Georgii Adler in the development of aircraft engineering of Ukraine is hard to underestimate. In the history of Ukrainian aircraft construction Georgii will always be known as one of its pioneers.\n

\n Engineering Heritage for Future Generations\n

\n Georgii Adler revealed really unique information about the methods of design of aviation vehicles in his thesis research \u201cThe development of Soviet aviation construction until the beginning of the First World War\u201d.\n

\n His thesis research is highly appreciated and analyzed during the lectures in the engineering of Kyiv Polytechnic Institute nowadays as the constructor\u2019s ideas and developed schemes serve as a kind of inspiration for modern students to create new versions of planes and other aviation vehicles.\n

", "year_of_birth": "1886", "year_of_death": "1965"}, {"id": 325, "activity": {"id": 19, "name": "Missile engineering"}, "century": {"id": 1, "name": "XX"}, "photo": "/media/about/people/photo_o0XhIya.jpg", "name": "Viktor Busanov", "short_bio": "Missile constructing engineer, Developer of Ballistic Optical Operational Tactical Missiles", "bio": "

\n The Ukrainian Viktor Busanov as the Developer of Ballistic Optical Operational Tactical Missiles, 1934-2007\n

\n Viktor Busanov started his career in 1958 after the graduation from Kyiv Polytechnic Institute. Busanov worked at the factory \u201cArsenal\u201d where he started as the engineer-constructor with the further promotion to the position of the head constructor of the leading enterprise in the sphere of the optical branch of the defense complex \u201cArsenal Central Design Bureau\u201d, which he headed for more than 27 years.\n

\n Devotion to Rocket Technology\n

\n Busanov devoted all his life to the creation of the rocket and space technology to strengthen the country\u2019s defense. Viktor headed the scientific school of specialists who worked on the systems of the initial orientation of space launch vehicles and military missile systems of various basing types and classes.\n

\n During the last years of his career, Viktor developed dozens of various systems for cosmic, aviation, armored and other types of military equipment including the cosmic vehicle \u201cMicrosputnik\u201d, airplane AN-70 and tanks T-80UD, and T-84 models.\n

\n Wonderful List of Developments\n

\n $\"\"$ \n

\n The achievements of Viktor Busanov are hard to underestimate as all his numerous creations are really innovational.\n

\n The sighting systems of ballistic operational tactical (\u201cTemp-S,\u201d \u201cTochka,\u201d \u201cTochka-U,\u201d \u201cOka-U,\u201d etc.) and intercontinental strategic land-based (stationary and portable) missiles (\u201cR-12,\u201d \u201cR-14,\u201d \u201cR-16,\u201d \u201cUR-100NU,\u201d \u201cR-36M,\u201d \u201cTemp-2S\u201d, \u201cPioneer,\u201d \u201cTopol\u201d and \u201cRT-23UTTH\u201d) and sea (\u201cG-13,\u201d \u201cR-27\u201d and \u201cR-29RM\u201d) basing; sighting systems for cruise missiles launched from submarines and ships of the Soviet Navy; sighting systems for spacecraft launch vehicles (\u201cVostok,\u201d \u201cCosmos,\u201d \u201cCosmos-2,\u201d \u201cIntercosmos,\u201d \u201cCyclone,\u201d \u201cProton,\u201d \u201cProton-K,\u201d \u201cZenith\u201d and \u201cEnergy-Buran\u201d).\n

\n During 2001-2006, Busanov maintained the increase for more than two times of the ready production, an export-oriented production of high-tech products was organized that has the level of indicators meeting the international standards.\n

\n Viktor Busanov has made a significant contribution to the creation of innovational samples of ammunition and military technology, i.e. optical heads for man-portable air defense systems and aircraft missiles, aircraft sights and assault target systems, high-precision gyrocompasses for rocketry and artillery weapons, gyroscopic machines for armored complexes.\n

\n Achievements While Coordinating Scientific School\n

\n The peak of his career was when Viktor coordinated the works of the scientific school of the professionals who were holding investigations in the sphere of military rocket complexes and instruments.\n

\n Busanov was a professional in the sphere of optical and optoelectronic engineering whose achievements are recognized in Ukraine and in the CIS countries. Viktor has a degree in technical sciences. Since 1992, he has been entrusted with the duties of the Chief Designer of the Ministry of Industrial Policy of Ukraine in this field.\n

\n The solutions in optical instrument engineering, created under his technical guidance, are a national achievement and the basis for the production of high-precision weapons, space and aviation equipment, and devices for civilian use. Viktor was appointed as an academician of the Academy of Technological Sciences of Ukraine and a member of the International Academy of Navigation and Motion.\n

\n Busanov proved his authority in the scientific ream by the numerous research works, fourteen patents and two hundred sixty-five copyright certificates for inventions.\n

\n During the period as of 2000-2003 the Construction Bureau headed by Viktor Busanov maintained more than 2-fold growth in the volume of output, created export-oriented production of high-tech products corresponding to world standards.\n

\n For his fruitful work, Viktor was awarded the honorary title \u201cHonored Mechanical Engineer of Ukraine\u201d (1994), he received the Lenin Prize (1976), the State Prize of the USSR (1990). Moreover, he was awarded the Order of Lenin (1982), the Labor Red Banner (1974), and other precious medals.\n

", "year_of_birth": "1934", "year_of_death": "2007"}, {"id": 326, "activity": {"id": 18, "name": "Radioelectronic engineering"}, "century": {"id": 1, "name": "XX"}, "photo": "/media/about/people/photo_HyxD4eW.jpg", "name": "Moisei Shkud", "short_bio": "Inventor, scientist in radio communications", "bio": "

\n Moisei Shkud: Gorgeous Ostankino Television Tower and Other Achievements\n

\n Moisei Shkud is known as the inventor, scientist, and engineer who in the 30s developed the radio stations in Lutsk (Ukraine). He coordinated the construction process of Ostankino television tower, investigated the antenna systems for \u201cAltai\u201d radio communication system. Besides, among his achievements they point out the reconstruction of destroyed radio stations during the Second World War on the territory of the former Soviet Union, the development of radio objects \u201cOlympiad-80\u201d.\n

\n Radio Building Projects\n

\n After his studying, Moisei worked as a teacher for some time. Later, he took part in the building process of a few radio stations in Odessa, Kyiv, and Chernihiv. Since 1933 Shkud concentrated on the development of radio stations in Volyn region.\n

\n High professionalism and organizational skills of Moisei couldn\u2019t but attracted the attention of the Moscow government. Thus, he attained the position of the key engineer of the Soviet project organization with the task to make the projects of the most powerful radio stations. While obtaining the position at State Union Design Institute (SUDI) Ministry of Communications of the USSR, Moisei worked fruitfully for thirty years leading dozens of radio building projects on the Soviet territories.\n

\n Bringing into Reality Ostankino Television Tower\n

\n $\"\"$ \n

\n In the 60s when the construction of television centers in the Soviet Union was topical, Shkud, as the chief engineer, along with his colleagues, was assigned to lead the construction of the Ostankino television tower. This project made his name popular worldwide. He was awarded Lenin prize for this fundamental construction.\n

\n The decision to build a 540-meter-high television tower was made in 1957. The Soviet broadcasting network needed to be expanded: the Shabolovka tower could not cope with the increasing volume of broadcasts. At an altitude of 337 meters, it was planned to open the observation deck. Many foreign engineers did not believe that such a grand building could be constructed on a relatively shallow foundation, but they made a mistake. Moisei Shkud brought those doubts into the wonderful reality.\n

\n Ostankino television tower is the project that shouldn\u2019t be underestimated as during almost twelve years this tower was considered the highest building in the world. Its height is five hundred forty meters. The tower was built in seven years. Nowadays, it has live-broadcast studios, technical services, a restaurant, and a viewing platform.\n

\n Nowadays, one of the tower\u2019s rooms demonstrates the portrait of its famous founder.\n

\n Privileged \u201cAltai\u201d Radio System\n

\n <Alt> \u201cAltai\u201d Radio Complex\n

\n Moisei Shkud, as the chief engineer of the State Union Design Institute of the Ministry of Communications of the USSR, suggested and implemented a number of new brilliant technical solutions on radio objects that allowed the broadcast of TV and radio programs from the Olympic Games in Moscow all over the world.\n

\n One of the brightest achievements of Shkud is the development of the network of mobile telecommunications \u201cAltai\u201d.\n

\n In the 60s of the last century, this telecommunication system was widely used. However, it wasn\u2019t available for everyone. Exclusively party leaders of the state, representatives of various authorities could appreciate its really numerous benefits. \u201cAltai\u201d system traveled together with the government luxury cars \u201cChaika\u201d and \u201cVolha\u201d (car models used by the party members and the heads of the largest enterprises).\n

\n The suggested system of mobile telecommunications \u201cAltai\u201d, which is constructed on the radial zone principle, is used, in particular, in systems of commercial cellular radio communication, as well as in the construction of special radio communication systems.\n

\n Once \u201cAltai\u201d was so much successful that on its rich basis it was developed a set of high-frequency radio equipment of the mobile radio system, which was implemented, for instance, to connect suburban buses with bus stations, the organization of radio networks of city taxi organizations, and other communication services.\n

", "year_of_birth": "1907", "year_of_death": "1988"}, {"id": 327, "activity": {"id": 10, "name": "Mechanical engineering"}, "century": {"id": 1, "name": "XX"}, "photo": "/media/about/people/photo_XiViOn1.jpg", "name": "Ivan Koval", "short_bio": "Engineer, innovator in tractor buidlging, sreator of innovational engines to renew tractor manufacturing in Ukraine", "bio": "

\n Ivan Koval as the Creator of Innovational Engines to Renew Tractor Manufacturing in Ukraine, 1914-2007\n

\n The name of Ivan Koval is well-known as his achievements in the sphere of tractor building are really highly appreciated.\n

\n After the Second World War, Ukraine tried to get used to normal life. Concerning some directions in technology development, especially military equipment, Soviet Ukraine was ahead of the leading countries in the world. However, Ukraine was critically behind those countries in terms of the introduction of new scientific and technological solutions in all the spheres of the economic life of a country.\n

\n So, the Soviet government put the accent on these very directions of the country\u2019s prosperous development.\n

\n First Engine Investigations at Special Design Bureau\n

\n Realizing the strong need for the investigation and production of the innovational types of engines for agricultural machinery equipment, the Soviet leaders published the order concerning the organization of engines production on the territory of Kharkiv factory \u201cSerp and Molot\u201d. In 1949 there was founded a special design bureau for engines with experimental production.\n

\n During 1950-1952 Ivan Koval obtained the position as of the head of the construction team.\n

\n In 1953, the construction bureau of the factory \u201cSerp and Molot\u201d initiated the process of the development of a diesel engine SMD-7 that, after a series of testing, was launched for production in 1958. The engine had extremely advanced features. It was powerful, economical, reliable, and fireproof on the contrary to its gas version.\n

\n Great Universalism of SMD-7 Model\n

\n The diesel engine SMD-7 was invented specifically for its placement inside the harvesting machines, however, due to its strong characteristics, it was installed on construction cranes and even diesel generator sets. This engine perfectly suited the various types of water transport. It had \u201can ideal behavior\u201d in various climatic zones (including the tropics).\n

\n Later, the favorable characteristics and reliability, the opportunity of modernizing engines specifications developed by Kharkiv engineers and the construction of adapted models under various special machines allowed the engine SMD-7 to be used in various fields of the state economics.\n

\n SMD-14 Model with Advanced Specifications\n

\n Due to the effective management activity of Ivan Koval, in 1957 there was developed the next generation of engines for tractors and combined harvesters. It was SMD-14 with the exciting features as of lightness, high speed, and diesel saving. The new diesel model guaranteed the decrease of the weight in 2-3 times, reducing in liter capacity in 1,5-2 times, and reduction of fuel consumption by 15-18%.\n

\n Thanks to that engine, Ivan Koval embodied his dream, i.e. the unification of engines of tractors and combined harvesters. The engine constructed for agricultural harvesting equipment started to be installed on tractors. In the future, the majority of the engines developed and tested on combines were installed after a tiny refinement of tractor machinery.\n

\n SMD-14 was installed inside the forestry tractors TDT-55\u0410, LXT-55, TB-1 that were developed on the basis of arable tractor types. Additionally, some road (D-512), industrial and agricultural machines and water transport enjoyed all the advanced characteristics of SMD-14.\n

\n Discovering the Engineer\u2019s Awards\n

\n The contribution of Ivan Koval in the sphere of tractor building was embodied in the equipment of arable tractors with reliable powerful engines. Ivan made a precious contribution to the development and organization of production of a tractor and combine harvester engines of high performance.\n

\n By the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on September 24, 1982, for the invention of engines of such type, Ivan was awarded the title Hero of Socialist Labor. A group of engineers of his team received the State Prize for the development and implementation of engines with systems of gas turbine inflation in 1983.\n

", "year_of_birth": "1914", "year_of_death": "2007"}, {"id": 328, "activity": {"id": 19, "name": "Missile engineering"}, "century": {"id": 1, "name": "XX"}, "photo": "/media/about/people/photo_sCh7yRf.jpg", "name": "Mykola Dukhov", "short_bio": "Chief designer of the tank production, developer of tank building", "bio": "

\n Mykola Dukhov: The Brilliant Design Engineer\n

\n 1904-1964\n

\n Mykola Dukhov was a chief designer of the tank production of the Kirov factory. The talented designer largely contributed to the development of tank-building. Thanks to his huge analytical mind, Dukhov realized that the future was only for single-turreted and tracked tanks. But let's start with the beginning.\n

\n Short Biography\n

\n Mykola Dukhov was born on October 26, 1904, in the city of Vepryk, Poltava province. His mother was the daughter of an impoverished landowner. And his father served as a company medical assistant.\n

\n Dukhov studied in a rural school, and then he entered Gadyach classical male gymnasium. The foreign languages were taught there. In 1919, the gymnasium was transformed into a single secondary school, and Mykola received a diploma in 1920.\n

\n From the age of 14, Dukhov started working. Firstly, he worked as secretary of the Vprichsky Committee of the Poor. Since 1921 he was an agent of the food detachment. In 1925, he entered the Chupakhovsky Plant as a beet-carver. Later he was transferred to the technical regulation office.\n

\n Mykola Dukhov was 22 years old when he had the opportunity to continue his education. By decision of the factory, he was given a ticket to the Workers' Faculty of the Kharkov Geodesic and Land Management Institute. After graduating from the workers' school in 1928, he was recommended: for enrollment without a test in the mechanical faculty of the Leningrad Polytechnic Institute. In 1932, he received a specialty of a design engineer for tractors and automobiles and was sent to the Leningrad plant \"Red Putilovets.\"\n

\n Great Achievements\n

\n At the beginning of World War II, the plant was evacuated to the Urals in the city of Chelyabinsk, where it merged into a single team with the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant in the so-called \"Tankograd\". Mykola Dukhov became his chief designer. He established the flow-conveyor production of KV tanks that led to the development of their modifications (KV-1S, KV-85) and self-propelled artillery mounts (SU-152, ISU-152), Moreover, he performed a radical modification of T-34 tanks.\n

\n After the war, a new tractor ChTZ S-80 (Stalinets-80) with a closed cab was developed under the direct supervision of Mykola Dukhov. In 1948, he was attracted to work in the Soviet atomic project and became deputy chief designer of KB-11. Heading the design sector, Dukhov managed the development of the design of both the first domestic plutonium charge and the atomic bomb design. He was an active participant in the tests of the first Russian atomic bomb at the Semipalatinsk test site on August 29, 1949, and the first hydrogen bomb RDS-6s on August 12, 1953.\n

\n For ten years, three generations of automation units had been developed under the leadership of Mykola Dukhov. His achievements encompass the first generation of nuclear munitions for seventeen different carriers including the R-7 ballistic missile, T-5 torpedoes, the first cruise missiles for the Air Force, Navy, and Air Defense. A whole range of electromechanical instruments had been developed for these nuclear weapons. To control nuclear munitions and automation units, the first three generations of test equipment were created: oscillographic, small-scale, non-oscillographic, and automated with digital registration. In this regard, Mykola Dukhov is rightfully considered to be one of the founders of the design school for nuclear ammunition.\n

", "year_of_birth": "1904", "year_of_death": "1964"}, {"id": 329, "activity": {"id": 1, "name": "Aircraft"}, "century": {"id": 1, "name": "XX"}, "photo": "/media/about/people/photo_lfyAUIg.jpg", "name": "Glib Lozino-Lozinsky", "short_bio": "Aircraft designer, developer of propulsion systems ", "bio": "

\n Glib Lozino-Lozinsky: Talented Aircraft Designer\n

\n Glib Lozino-Lozinsky was a talented aircraft designer who developed propulsion systems that ensured the achievement of supersonic speeds of MiG airplanes, created the orbital-space Spiral system, the reusable Buran spacecraft, and the multi-faceted MAKS aerospace system. All these developments were based on fundamentally new scientific and technical solutions and were ahead of all the spacecrafts created in the world. Of course, it should be noted that all these developments initially had a military orientation, which was typical for all countries engaged in similar works. But, at the same time, it was a significant step forward in the exploration of human space.\n

\n Step by Step\n

\n Glib Lozino-Lozinsky was born on January 7, 1910, in Kyiv. His father, a graduate lawyer, worked as a barrister. When the revolution began, Lozino-Lozinsky family lived in the city of Kremenchug. Glib graduated from labor school and went immediately to the seventh grade. Then he studied in a vocational school, where he received a specialty locksmith.\n

\n In 1926 he entered the Kharkiv Mechanical Engineering Institute, which he successfully graduated with the qualification of a mechanical engineer. According to the distribution, he was sent to the Kharkiv Turbogenerator Plant.\n

\n In 1932 Glib started working at the Kharkiv Aviation Institute as an engineer at a scientific testing station. At this time, all the activities of the young designer were associated with the aircraft industry. At the institute, the team of researchers developed the first domestic gas turbine engine RTD-1. In 1939 he was transferred to the Central Boiler-Turbine Institute in Leningrad. Together with Lyuluka, he was working on a project for an aircraft power plant with a piston engine and an afterburner. He continued to work on projects of various variants of gas-turbine jet engines. In early 1941, he returned to Kyiv.\n

\n Scientific Researches\n

\n Aircraft energy had become the main interest of Glib Lozino-Lozinsky. In 1941, he moved to experimental design bureau of Mikoyan, where he developed versions of jet gas turbine engines. Under the leadership and with the direct participation of Glib Lozino-Lozinsky, modern power plants were mastered, including combined power plants. The first domestic afterburner for a piston engine, which allowed to increase the engine thrust by 30 percent appeared there. Advance development had allowed beginning the assault on the sound barrier immediately with the development of the turbojet engine.\n

\n Glib headed the bureau to work on the integrated interface of the engine with the air intake and afterburner chamber, which was supposed to increase the efficiency of the entire power plant. It served as the basis for super-powered fighter jets \u2014 MiG-15, MiG-17, MiG-19, MiG-21.\n

\n In the domestic practice of rocket and space technology, there were no analogs, which could be equal to the ship \"Buran\". As a result of many years of hard work, a reusable spacecraft with unique characteristics had been created. His first and only flight took place on November 15, 1988.\n

\n The Buran orbital ship with reusable thermal protection and automatic landing, the triplane planes are all Glib Lozino-Lozinsky\u2019s greatest design achievements. His contribution to the aviation and space industries cannot be overestimated.\n

\n The extraordinary energy and the wonderful ideas of Lozino-Lozinsky were embodied in his \"offsprings\". The pride of domestic aviation MiG-21 set two absolute world records for horizontal flight speed and the absolute world record for altitude.\n

", "year_of_birth": "1910", "year_of_death": "2001"}, {"id": 330, "activity": {"id": 1, "name": "Aircraft"}, "century": {"id": 3, "name": "XIX"}, "photo": "/media/about/people/photo_UGtwpVS.jpg", "name": "Fedir Anders", "short_bio": "A design engineer in the field of airship building", "bio": "

\n Fedir Anders: Up & Down\n

\n Fedir Anders was a design engineer in the field of airship building. This talented person presented the possibility to touch the sky to many Ukrainian people of those times. His contribution to airship building played a key role in the development of airship construction at all.\n

\n Key Life Facts\n

\n Fedir Anders was born on June 2, 1868, in the city of Bila Tserkov, in the family of a turner at the Arsenal plant. He graduated from real school, and subsequently, he entered the surveying college.\n

\n Studying at the university, he became interested in aviation, and in 1910 Fedir issued a brochure named \"How to build an airplane by yourself.\" However, his entire life was dedicated to airships.\n

\n The passionate aviation amateur was one of the most active members of the Kyiv Air Society. He enjoyed respect not only as a capable designer but also as an author of various scientific publications among the enthusiasts of those times.\n

\n Famous-Famous Kyiv\n

\n Fedir Anders was the creator of the first soft airship of civilian design, which named as a tribute to the city of his birth \u2014 \"Kyiv\". The volume of the shell of the aircraft was 890 cubic meters, length \u2014 35 and a half meters, and the Anzani engine with a power of 25 horsepower and water cooling set it in motion.\n

\n The first public flight on it was on October 9, 1911. The airship rose to a height of about 30 meters from the building of the Merchant Assembly together with the mechanic Anders (he served as a pilot) and, turning on the screw, the pilot sent his brainchild to the monument to the holy Prince Volodymyr. Then he turned right and flew over Podil. Anders made various evolutions over Podil, describing circles, eights and broken lines in 20 minutes. Then he rose to a height of 200 m and sent his balloon to Vyshgorod. Gradually decreasing with distance, \u201cKyiv\u201d disappeared from view around 6 pm, and until midnight there was no news about the place where the balloonists descended.\n

\n The flights of \u201cKyiv\u201d over the center of the capital instantly led to the huge number of requests directed to Anders. The prospect of flying had attracted both ordinary citizens who wanted to try out the novelty and look at Kyiv from a bird's-eye view, as well as entrepreneurs who had seen a great opportunity to advertise themselves over the entire capital in the dirigible.\n

\n As a result, \"Kyiv\" very quickly became the first airship in the whole world, which became the commercial line. It traveled between Dumskaya Square (today Independence Square) and Trukhanov Island. The ticket price was 50 kopecks at that time, and there was a discount for students.\n

\n The flights of \"Kyiv\" lasted for a year until it was not overtaken by a catastrophe in 1912. Then, Fedir Anders stayed at home because of poor health, and he entrusted the airship to his son Volodymyr. After the airship gained height and circled over the capital, it suddenly seized into a powerful airflow and began to lift upward. As a result, the shell of the apparatus took up moisture and became heavy, after which the airship was managed to land far out of town without victims. Unfortunately, the airship was destroyed.\n

", "year_of_birth": "1868", "year_of_death": "1926"}, {"id": 331, "activity": {"id": 6, "name": "Computer science"}, "century": {"id": 1, "name": "XX"}, "photo": "/media/about/people/photo_TFftrYE.jpg", "name": "Serhii Lebediev", "short_bio": "Computer science engineer, the developer of MECM and BECM 5E26 models", "bio": "

\n Serhii Lebediev: Development of MECM and BECM 5E26 Models, 1902-1974\n

\n In continental Europe, Serhii Lebediev was the creator of the first computer with a specific program type stored in its memory (MECM) and one of the developers of the world's first digital electronic computer with a dynamically changeable calculations program.\n

\n Under his strict control, there were successfully developed around seventeen electronic computing machines while fifteen of that list were produced serially.\n

\n Rich engineering experience of Lebediev is unique as it grasps the period starting from the creation of the first type of lamp computers performing only hundreds and thousands of operations per second, until the era of super speedy electronic computing machines with huge integral schemes.\n

\n Developing Electronic Digital Computing Machines\n

\n In 1948 (Kyiv) Serhii spent all his time to bring to reality the cherished dream \u2014 the creation of electronic digital counting machine. That year Lebediev was giving the interview for some Ukrainian press where he confessed that during the period as of 1947-1949 he managed to develop the basic principles of their construction process.\n

\n At the first stage, the new \u201cchild\u201d of Lebediev was called the Model of electronic counting machine (MECM). In 1950 the machine carried out the first calculations of the sum of an odd number of factorial numbers and exponentiation, and, finally, after a series of testing, in 1951 the MECM was officially accepted into manufacturing by the Soviet Ukraine State Committee.\n

\n In 1950 Lebediev got the position as of the head of the No. 1 laboratory in Moscow Institute of Fine Mechanics and Computer Engineering. He started intensive works on Big Electronic Counting Machine (BECM).\n

\n MECM was produced without copies. Serial production of machines developed started seven years later in 1958. The production of BECM was not deployed earlier, as the USSR Ministry of Engineering and Instrument Engineering did not arrange the supply of potentialoscopes for BECM\u2019s storage device.\n

\n As a result, Serhii had to use the memory on mercury tubes, which critically reduced the speed of BECM six times. This was the factor that prevented BECM from becoming the first production machine in Soviet Ukraine and the most productive one in the world.\n

\n New Features of the Improved Series as of BECM-6\n

\n The next generation of Lebediev\u2019s machines, BECM-6 had a main or water supply management principle. According to that, the flows of commands and operands were processed simultaneously (up to nine machine commands at various stages). Associative memory type was implemented on ultra-fast registers, which reduced the number of addresses to ferritic memory and allowed the local optimization of calculations in the counting procedure.\n

\n In 1990 one of the copies of BECM-6 was delivered to London and placed in the Museum of Science as the greatest supercomputer in Europe of that period.\n

\n BECM 5E26\n

\n The last lifetime creation of Serhii Lebediev that he managed to launch into the mass production, was the first mobile multiprocessor high-performance structure with a modular memory of a computer BECM 5E26.\n

\n That was the first machine with the function of automated reserving on the module level that provided the restoration of the computational process in case equipment failures in control systems. Moreover, it worked in real time and was equipped with advanced software, an effective programming automation system and the option to work with high-level languages.\n

\n As a pioneer of computing technology, Serhii was awarded the medal of the International Computer Society with the inscription: \u201cSerhii Lebediev, 1902-1974, the creator of the first computer in the Soviet Union and the founder of the Soviet computer engineering.\u201d\n

", "year_of_birth": "1902", "year_of_death": "1974"}, {"id": 332, "activity": {"id": 6, "name": "Computer science"}, "century": {"id": 1, "name": "XX"}, "photo": "/media/about/people/photo_tGvnf6k.jpg", "name": "Anatoly Dorodnitsyn", "short_bio": "Computer science engineer, the Creator of the First Big Electronic Account Machine in Ukraine", "bio": "

\n Anatoly Dorodnitsyn as the Creator of the First Big Electronic Account Machine in Ukraine, 1910-1994\n

\n The sphere of interests of Anatoly Dorodnitsyn was really wide. He showed enormous affection to geophysics, aero- and hydrodynamics, computational and applied mathematics, and informatics. Additionally, Anatoly wrote fundamental and deep works on meteorology, algebra, the theory of the wing, supersonic gas dynamics, and other sections of cybernetics.\n

\n Analyzing the above-mentioned, it\u2019s really hard to believe that all those things were realized by a single engineer.\n

\n Impressive Inventions of Dorodnitsyn\u2019s Team\n

\n Anatoly made a great contribution to the foundation of Ukrainian Soviet computer science bringing it to the international level. The most significant projects of computers and program systems were analyzed by the team he headed. The engineer always managed to grasp the essence of the invention, made amendments, thus, determining the possible ways of the further development of the corresponding field of science and technology.\n

\n Dorodnitsyn initiated the studying of the problems concerning the parallelizing algorithms, which is a key condition for solving tricky issues on supercomputers. This type of problematic cases couldn\u2019t be solved effectively using traditional computers as it required really large volumes of machine memory and high-speed operations execution on it.\n

\n While solving such tasks, hundreds of millions of variations are often used and the same quantity of possible conditions that should be taken into account to succeed.\n

\n As a rule, such tasks appear when they are trying to solve the problems in Biology, Economics, and the development of processes that occur in our atmosphere.\n

\n The desire of the engineer to get engaged in scientific work led him to the Main Geophysical Observatory (MGO) in St. Petersburg, where he immediately plunged into theoretical studies.\n

\n Dorodnitsyn made great efforts for informatics in his native country Ukraine to acquire the status of a separate science that develops and analyzes computing tools, software, and algorithms.\n

\n A series of scientific publications and reports were dedicated to the subject of informatics, main tasks, its methods, and opportunities. Anatoly accentuated on such topical themes as pattern recognition in geology and medicine and the development of systems for automatic design in aircraft engineering.\n

\n BEAM-6 and Other Solid Inventions\n

\n $\"\"$ \n

\n Dorodnitsyn achieved really much in the sphere of the development of computer technologies in Ukraine. He was one of the scientists who realized the great role of the electronic computing machine for the world technological progress.\n

\n Anatoly was the head of the first Computing Center in the Soviet Ukraine. From the very start of the work of the Computing Center Anatoly determined the course on the development of fundamental research that is considered the basis of cybernetics science. That included the research in mathematics, optimization techniques, the theory of management, programming methods and computer technology development.\n

\n The Computing Center gave the birth to the first Big Electronic Account Machine (BEAM-6) in 1965. This center officially became the key organization to coordinate the development of cybernetics in Ukraine.\n

\n In the 1960's Dorodnitsyn successfully introduced into the industry the direction of small computers with developed \u201cinternal intelligence\u201d. Due to his supportive work on the creation of computers, the series MIR was awarded in 1968 by the State Prize of the USSR.\n

\n Great Reward\n

\n Nowadays, the achievements of the representatives of his scientific school are recognized and highly appreciated worldwide.\n

\n As an outstanding scientist, Anatoly enjoyed the wonderful authority in other European countries. For many years he was the representative of Ukraine at the International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP). That is the thing that any engineer is dreaming about.\n

", "year_of_birth": "1910", "year_of_death": "1994"}], "activities": [{"id": 1, "name": "Aircraft"}, {"id": 2, "name": "Spacecraft"}, {"id": 3, "name": "Railway engineering"}, {"id": 5, "name": "Optical engineering"}, {"id": 6, "name": "Computer science"}, {"id": 8, "name": "Economy"}, {"id": 9, "name": "Literature"}, {"id": 10, "name": "Mechanical engineering"}, {"id": 11, "name": "Medicine"}, {"id": 12, "name": "Bridge engineering and welding"}, {"id": 13, "name": "Electrical engineering"}, {"id": 14, "name": "Art"}, {"id": 15, "name": "Biology"}, {"id": 16, "name": "Energy engineering"}, {"id": 17, "name": "Chemistry"}, {"id": 18, "name": "Radioelectronic engineering"}, {"id": 19, "name": "Missile engineering"}], "centuries": [{"id": 1, "name": "XX"}, {"id": 2, "name": "XXI"}, {"id": 3, "name": "XIX"}]}}

Ukrainians That Changed the World